Several individuals contributed to Italian unification.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] It was a statement by the Pope.
2. [1] It stated that the Papal States belonged to the Catholic Church and that this was not going to change.
3. [1] It was a statement that was against demands being made at the time for reforms.
4. [1] It was a statement against Italian nationalism.
5. [1] It was made after Durando led papal troops to support Charles Albert.
6. [1] It was a statement saying that the Papacy was universal and therefore above all national states.
7. [1] He was important because he did a lot to help unification happen. Without him it may have not happened.
8. [1] He helped Piedmont take over central Italian states.
9. [1] The French victories at Magenta and Solferino resulted in the liberation of Lombardy from Austrian rule.
10. [1] At Plombières he agreed to help Piedmont.
11. [1] He was responsible for Venetia becoming part of a united Italy.
12. [Explanation L3] He was important because he met with Cavour at Plombières and agreed to support Cavour in a war against Austria. This took place in 1859 and, although it did not all go well, Piedmont was able to invade the central Italian states and this was a big step towards unification. This was made possible by Napoleon.
13. [1] I think Garibaldi contributed more than Mazzini. He was very popular and had lots of support.
14. [1] Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Naples.
15. [1] Garibaldi took the initiative by invading Sicily.
16. [1] Garibaldi handed much of Italy over to Victor Emmanuel.
17. [1] Garibaldi helped to make Venetia part of Italy.
18. [1] Garibaldi's exploits helped to whip up the spirit of Italian nationalism.
19. [1] Mazzini spread the idea of a united Italy.
20. [1] Mazzini set up the Young Italy movement which was very influential.
21. [1] Mazzini influenced Garibaldi's ideas a lot.
22. [1] Mazzini's writing was very important and spread the idea of getting rid of Austria from Italy.
23. [Explanation L3 (Garibaldi)] Garibaldi was much more important because his actions actually led to unification. He led the 'Thousand' to conquer Sicily and he then moved to the mainland and captured Naples. He then handed over all his gains in Sicily and in the south to Victor Emmanuel. This was a massive step towards unification and would not have happened without Garibaldi.
24. [Explanation L3 (Mazzini)] Mazzini was more important because he spread the idea of a unified Italy. He had a lot of influence on many people such as Garibaldi. He set up Young Italy. This was full of intellectuals who spread his idea of Italian unification. He led several attempted uprisings. These failed, but his main importance was because of his ideas – to remove Austria from Italy, to end the Pope's power over the Papal States, and to create a national government for Italy.