Stalin's rule had a strong impact on different groups.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. It was a youth organisation.
3. It was for children between the ages of nine to fifteen.
4. It was established in 1922.
5. It ended in 1991
6. By the mid1920s, it had 2 million members.
7. Pioneers took part in sports events and learned crafts.
8. They went on summer camps which were funded by the government and trade unions.
9. Members were taught to love Russia.
10. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
11. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
12. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
13. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
14. e.g. 'Ethnic minority groups were encouraged to see themselves as Soviet citizens rather than as separate nationalities. This made life worse for them because Russian became the official language. If the minority groups could not speak Russian, they were discriminated against and it was hard for them to get work, for instance in the army.'
15. e.g. 'Stalin discouraged differing national identities within the Soviet Union.'
16. 'Ethnic minority groups were encouraged to see themselves as Soviet citizens rather than separate nationalities.'
17. 'The Russian language was made a compulsory subject in the school curriculum.'
18. 'Russian was made the official language of state organisations like the army.'
19. 'Russians were encouraged to migrate into non-Russian areas.'
20. 'Thousands of Islamic schools, hospitals and mosques were forced to close.'
21. '1.5 million ethnic minorities were deported back to Asia.'
22. 'It was due to the policy of Russification.'
23. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
24. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
25. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5-6 marks
26. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
27. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
28. e.g. 'Stalin wanted to destroy the kulaks. They were often farmers who had done well under the policies of NEP. Stalin thought this was a capitalist policy and brought in collectivisation instead. The kulaks would not be able to make profits under this system. He thought the kulaks were a possible source of opposition to his policies.'
29. OR e.g. 'Stalin wanted to collectivise agriculture because there were still food shortages in the USSR. Collectivisation would mean that large units of land could be farmed more efficiently through mechanisation, with tractors and other machinery supplied by the state. There would then be much higher food production.'
30. e.g. 'Stalin wanted to get rid of the kulaks who might oppose his policies.'
31. 'The kulaks were considered to be capitalists.'
32. 'The NEP was capitalist and Stalin wanted to change this.'
33. 'He wanted to make farms more efficient.'
34. 'He wanted to introduce new methods of production.'
35. 'There were food shortages.'
36. 'More food was needed for the industrial workers.'
37. 'More grain was needed for export.'
38. 'Exports of grain would earn foreign currency.'
39. 'It linked in with Stalin's collectivisation policy.'