Describe covert observations and overt observations, using any examples.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [Up to 4] for detail for each type of observation
2. [max 2] examples per type of observation.
3. Examples can include examples from any studies (core studies, other studies, candidate's own studies).
4. Overt observation: the role of the observer is obvious to the participants; such as if they are holding a clipboard;
5. This can improve validity as it is easier to collect data / to be close to the participants;
6. It raises few ethical issues as participants are aware so can give consent;
7. Saavedra and Silverman: the boy knew the researchers were watching him during the in vivo button tasks; (example)
8. Covert observation: the participants are unaware of role / existence of the observer;
9. e.g. if disguised as a member of the social group; or physically hidden;
10. such as using CCTV / a one-way mirror;
11. This improves validity as participants cannot to be affected by being observed;
12. so demand characteristics / social desirability are reduced;
13. Bandura et al.'s observers were covert because they used a one-way mirror to watch the children; (example)
14. Piliavin et al.'s observers were covert because they pretended to be passengers to watch on the subway; (ex)
15. Schachter and Singer's observers were covert because they used a one-way mirror; (example)
16. Milgram: observations were covert because they were made through a one-way mirror; (example)
17. Yamamoto et al.: chimpanzees videoed (using three cameras); (example)