The study by Laney et al. (false memory) used an independent measures design. However, there was still a risk of order effects.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) 1 mark for defining order effects
2. [1] (a) 1 mark for defining practice effects or fatigue effects (or 2 marks for defining both)
3. [1] (a) 1 mark for related example (link) (max 2 without a link)
4. [] (a) Must have a link for 3 marks
5. [1] (a) An order effect is the consequence on later performance of earlier performance on the same task = 1 definition of order effects
6. [1] (a) Order effects are where repeated exposure to the experimental situation/ test/condition affects performance = 1 definition of order effects
7. [1] (a) Practice effects are where this leads to improvement = 1 definition of practice effects
8. [1] (a) e.g. through familiarity with the food questionnaires = 1 link
9. [1] (a) e.g. from remembering previous answers to food questionnaires (FHI/RQ) = 1 link
10. [1] (a) Fatigue effects are where performance worsens = 1 definition of fatigue effects
11. [1] (a) e.g. through boredom because the food questionnaires (FHI/RQ) were done twice = 1 link
12. [1] (b) 1 mark for explanation
13. [1] (b) Because differences between conditions may be due to order not due to the different levels of the independent variable = 1