Describe what was recorded by the female observers in the study by Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritans).

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] One noted race/sex/location of passengers in the critical area/adjacent areas/in the carriage;
2. [1] She also counted the number of passengers in the critical area/in the carriage;
3. [1] She also counted the total number of people who came to help the victim;
4. [1] The race/sex/location of every helper was recorded by her;
5. [1] Another recorded the latency time of the first helper;
6. [1] She also recorded the latency time of help after the model began to help (if necessary);
7. [1] Both noted comments made by the passengers;
8. [1] Spontaneous/elicited comments from passengers;
9. [4] (Example of one similarity for 4 marks) Both the studies were about 'helping' behaviour. In the Piliavin study this was helping a victim who was ill or drunk and had collapsed on a subway train whereas in the Yamamoto study this was helping a chimp solve a puzzle or getting some juice or being able to drink some juice.