In the study by Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritans), one observer watched passengers in the critical area.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Feb/Mar 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [2] (a) 1 mark per correct point made
2. (a) Race;
3. (a) Sex;
4. (a) Location;
5. (a) Number of individuals;
6. (a) Number who came to help.
7. [2] (b)(i) 2 marks detailed definition
8. (b)(i) 1 mark brief definition
9. (b)(i) People are less likely to help in an emergency when there are more people around as they believe other people will help out instead (2 marks);
10. (b)(i) When there are more people around we help less (1 mark);
11. (b)(i) Responsibility is shared amongst the group/people (1 mark);
12. (b)(i) There are other creditworthy responses.
13. [2] (b)(ii) 2 marks detailed answer including evidence from the study
14. (b)(ii) 1 mark brief answer or no evidence from the study
15. (b)(ii) The seven person groups responded faster than the three person groups;
16. (b)(ii) The seven person groups were faster to respond than the hypothetical seven person groups;
17. (b)(ii) The majority of participants helped the victim before the model had a chance to step in and help first;
18. (b)(ii) 60% of trials had more than one person helping the victim.
19. (b)(ii) Larger groups responded faster (than smaller groups);
20. (b)(ii) Three people groups responded slower;
21. (b)(ii) Most people helped before the model;
22. (b)(ii) More than one person helped most of the time.