‘Different types of followers do not exist. Workers either follow a leader or they do not.'

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. Marks: use generic levels of response in table C.
2. Syllabus: leaders and followers: followership: qualities of and types (Kelley, 1988)
3. Most likely (any other appropriate responses should be credited):
4. Different types:
5. ∞ Kelley (1988) describes four main qualities of effective followers: self- management, commitment, competence and courage.
6. ∞ Kelley (1988) suggests two dimensions: whether or not the follower is a critical thinker and whether the follower is active or passive. This leads to five types of followership: the sheep, the yes people, the pragmatics, the alienated and the star followers.
7. ∞ Riggio et al. (2008) argue that there are effective followers (enthusiastic, intelligent, ambitious and self-reliant) and therefore there are also 'ineffective' followers.
8. ∞ i.e. Kelley and others believe that there are different types of follower.
9. Not different types:
10. ∞ There may be different types of follower in theory, but it is questionable whether these types of follower are evident in the workplace.
11. ∞ It is often argued that there are leaders, but 'followers' are merely the workers who follow orders in order to keep their jobs. The 'us' and 'them'; management and workers.
12. ∞ it is argued that types of followers only apply in a limited number of organisations; organisations which value worker input and contribution to the organisation; organisations where workers can progress to be managers and leaders.