Section B Answer all questions in this section. Dr Kwan plans to investigate whether any species other than chimpanzees will offer help. During testing, each animal will be with another animal but afterwards they will be kept in separate cages.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [2] 1 mark for linking issue to animal species e.g. social / solitary 2nd mark for detail about potential ethical problems (this may include a relevant example) He would have to choose a species that would cope with both social company; and isolation = 2 marks A solitary animal would be unsuitable; as it would be distressed being in the experiment when it had to be with another one = 2 marks Dogs are unsuitable because they are social; and could be distressed by the social isolation = 2 mark
2. [1] 1 mark for a comment based on the experiment related to pain/distress. The animal that needed help would have to be in pain, which is unethical = 1 mark The animal that was supposed to help might be distressed if it could not stop the experimental animal's pain, which is unethical = 1 mark
3. [1] 1 mark for idea that small samples may not be representative If the sample is too small the findings may not be representative of the species / the results may not generalise to the rest of the species = 1 mark
4. [3] 1 mark for correct use of subjective / objective 1 mark for explaining idea of avoiding subjectivity / being objective 1 mark for detail, e.g. for the consequences if Dr Kwan did /did not record the data himself Max 2 marks if explanation not linked to study Dr Kwan believes that the animals will help, so is biased so he may not observe/record data in an objective way / he may be subjective in his data collection this would tend to make his results fit his expectations making the results invalid