The study by Yamamoto et al. (chimpanzee helping) is based on the concepts of altruism and empathy.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. 2 marks for altruism
2. 2 marks for empathy
3. 1 mark can be awarded for an example for each term
4. Altruism
5. The willingness to do certain things/doing certain things for someone else (1 mark) even if it disadvantages yourself/gain no benefit (1 mark)
6. Empathy
7. The ability to understand the emotional state of someone else (1 mark) by imagining what it would be like to be in that situation (1 mark)
8. 1 mark for the result
9. 1 mark for linking to the concept
10. Altruism, e.g.
11. The majority of chimpanzees offered a stick or straw (correct tool) to the other chimpanzee (1 mark). This allowed the other chimpanzee to reach the juice and drink it so the chimpanzee offering the tool did not get the juice (1 mark)
12. Empathy, e.g.
13. The majority of chimpanzees offered a stick or straw (correct tool) to the other chimpanzee (1 mark). This could have been done as the chimpanzee offering may have imagined what it was like to be in that situation of needing a tool to solve the task (1 mark)