5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which is a diagram of the Demographic Transition Model.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Total population / population growth
2. [1] Birth rate increases slightly then decreases slightly / overall slight decrease
3. [1] Death rate falls (rapidly)
4. [1] Natural increase is at its highest / steeply rises / increases
5. [1] (Total) population grows / increases (rapidly)
6. [1] High infant mortality rate / children die from disease
7. [1] High maternal death rate
8. [1] Spread of diseases such as diarrhoea / cholera / malaria
9. [1] Food shortages / lack of food / traditional farming methods / unreliable rainfall / drought
10. [1] Poor hygiene facilities / lack of sewage disposal / lack of sanitation
11. [1] Little development of medicines / drugs such as antibiotics / statins / limited availability of treatments for disease / vaccinations
12. [1] Limited hospital / medical facilities / doctors / access to health facilities
13. [1] Use of traditional practitioners / medicines
14. [1] Natural disasters such as earthquakes / floods / mudslides
15. [1] Insufficient knowledge on healthy diets / healthy living / exercise / health hazards of smoking
16. [1] Unsafe / polluted drinking water
17. [2] Family planning programmes / named examples, e.g. subz-sitara clinics / Chabi ka Nishan
18. [2] People aware of benefits of / desire smaller families
19. [2] People have knowledge of problems of / understand issues of overpopulation
20. [2] Increased literacy rates / people become educated
21. [2] More women working / career orientated
22. [2] Mechanisation of farming / fewer workers needed on farms
23. [2] Later marriages
24. [2] Decreased span of reproductivity
25. [2] Desire for material possessions, e.g. cars rather than having children
26. [2] Internal migration / international migration
27. [2] Men leave / families fractured
28. [1] Number of people per square kilometre / square mile / hectare / acre / unit area
29. [1] Varied / uneven distribution
30. [1] Small number of areas high density / high density areas are scattered
31. [1] More densely populated in South East / East / Sindh / KPK / Punjab
32. [1] Less densely populated / in South West / West / North / Balochistan / Gilgit / Northern areas
33. [1] Moderate density in central areas
34. [1] Topography (flat v rugged)
35. [1] Climate (no extremes)
36. [1] Natural vegetation (type / abundance)
37. [1] Soil (farming)
38. [1] Natural resources / raw materials (availability)
39. [1] Water supply / near rivers (availability)
40. [1] Natural routes / valleys / natural corridors / named infrastructure
41. [1] Power supply (availability / security)
42. [1] Economic / availability of jobs / income / industries
43. [1] Political / stable government / government investment
44. [1] Social / schools / healthcare / migration
45. [6] Content Guide: Possible: Government help through; Encouraging use of contraception; Introducing population policies; Educating people about family planning / contraception; Developing pre-natal care to reduce infant mortality rates; Reducing the unemployment rate / create jobs; Ensuring incentives are given to farmers to ensure demand for food is met; As the country further develops / industrialises there will be more money in the economy and further investments can be made in healthcare / education / housing / housing / food production. Not possible: Insufficient food to feed the population now; Limited healthcare; High infant mortality rates; School places in short supply / not all children can go to school; Unemployment levels high; Housing shortage / shanty towns developed; Crime / discontent / racism / discrimination. Etc.