2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing forest types in Pakistan.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Forest type A – Coniferous
2. [1] Forest type B – Subtropical scrub / subtropical dry / subtropical thorn / dry thorn scrub
3. [1] Forest type C – Tropical thorn / rakh
4. [1] Coastal areas of Sindh / Indus Delta
5. [1] Coastal areas of Balochistan / Sonmiani Bay
6. [1] Along the coastline of / near the Arabian Sea
7. [1] Broad / big leaves / leaves have drip tips
8. [1] Leaves are leathery / have reduced number of stomata
9. [1] Low trees and shrubs
10. [1] Height 3-8 m
11. [1] Can survive in salty water
12. [1] Roots filter salt / have aerial roots / have prop roots / roots stick up out of water
13. [1] Prefer clean / unpolluted water
14. [1] Protect soil from erosion / being blown away
15. [1] Lower the temperature / provide shade / create a more pleasant environment
16. [1] Provide humus to fertilise the soil
17. [1] Provide raw materials / named example, e.g. timber (for industry) / furniture / medicines / firewood
18. [1] Many jobs depend on forests / examples of jobs
19. [1] Recreational value / promote tourism / provide scenic beauty
20. [1] Prevent floods
21. [1] Take in CO2 / release O2
22. [1] Provide habitat for wildlife
23. [1] Increase / encourage rainfall / create transpiration
24. [1] Help with desalination (Eucalyptus trees)
25. [1] Altitude, e.g. high altitude = fir / spruce / alpine
26. [1] Precipitation, e.g. dry areas = thorny bushes / scrub
27. [1] Precipitation, e.g. high precipitation = coniferous / evergreen forests
28. [1] Soil type / edaphic factors, e.g. salty areas = mangroves / fertile soil = high density
29. [1] Temperature, e.g. low / cold = alpine
30. [1] Temperature, e.g. high / hot / warm = tropical scrub
31. [1] Presence of rivers = riverain / bela
32. [1] Presence of oases = individual trees / palms
33. [2] Evergreen – no need to renew leaves / short growing season
34. [2] Compact conical shape – stabilises the tree in windy conditions / releases snow / prevents snow accumulation
35. [2] Needles instead of leaves - reduces moisture loss
36. [2] Tall / straight trunk – in order to grow straight towards sunlight
37. [2] Cones - protect seeds during cold months
38. [2] Downward pointing branches – allows snow to easily fall off
39. [2] Shallow root system – as soils are thin / subsoil is frozen for most of the year
40. [2] Long / wide spreading roots – helps to anchor the tree against strong winds
41. [2] Thick bark - protects from cold winds
42. [1] For farming / agriculture / growing crops / irrigation
43. [1] Urbanisation / growth of settlements
44. [1] Construction of roads / railways
45. [1] Industrialisation / growth / spread of industries
46. [1] Use of wood in industry / to sell / examples of use of wood, e.g. timber / furniture
47. [1] Mining / extraction of raw materials
48. [1] For fuelwood / cooking / heating
49. [1] Fire
50. [1] Overgrazing causes more trees to be cleared for cattle
51. [1] Flooding
52. [1] Reservoirs for dams
53. [6] Content Guide: Importance of forests: Protect against soil erosion important for the future of agriculture; Protect areas against flooding important for settlements and industry; A valuable resource for industry; Without forests other industries / example(s) of industries will not succeed; Help to regulate the climate / carbon sink; Mangroves protect against tropical cyclones / without mangroves industry and housing can be lost; Development of tourism / ecotourism / sustainable tourism. Importance of other uses of land: Needs to be used for developing industry / land too valuable for growing trees; Land is limited; Growing population needs new settlements / construction of settlements; More food needs to be grown for growing population and for export; Trees take a long time to grow so have to wait for a capital return on them; For named infrastructure development, e.g. roads / electricity grid. Etc.