O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2018 · Q125 Marks

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan.

(a)(i)On Fig. 1.1, label the following: Afghanistan; India; Line of longitude 70°E You should write the name in the correct location on the map.[3]
(a)(ii)On Fig. 1.1, draw and label the Tropic of Cancer.[2]
(a)(iii)Describe Pakistan's location in relation to other countries in South and Central Asia.[3]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert). Describe the main features of the desert area shown in the photograph.[3]
(b)(ii)Explain the challenges of living in a desert area, such as that shown in Fig. 1.2. You should develop your answer.[4]
(b)(iii)Study Fig. 1.3 (Insert). State two features of the climate typical of the environment shown in the photograph. 1 2[2]
(c)Suggest two ways in which latitude affects the climate of Pakistan.[2]
(d)Evaluate the extent to which the natural topography of Pakistan limits human activity and economic development in the north of the country. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] Afghanistan – to west of Pakistan
[1] India - to east of Pakistan
[1] Longitude 70 °E – middle line of the three on map
[1] Accurately drawn line for position of Tropic of Cancer
[1] Accurate label
[1] Western part of South Asia
[1] India to the East / South East / North East
[1] China to the North / North East
[1] Afghanistan to the North West / West
[1] Iran to the West / South West
[1] Between / shares border with / neighbouring country with China / India / Afghanistan / Iran
[1] Compass direction to any of the following non-conjoining countries in South and Central Asia ONLY: Nepal / Tajikistan / Kyrgyzstan / Turkmenistan / Uzbekistan / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh / Maldives / Burma (Myanmar)
[1] Distance to any the following non-conjoining countries in South and Central Asia ONLY: Nepal / Tajikistan / Kyrgyzstan / Turkmenistan / Uzbekistan / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh / Maldives / Burma (Myanmar)
[1] Sand / sandy
[1] Sand dunes / ridges / hills / hilly
[1] Large area / expanse / plain / plains
[1] Sparse / scant vegetation / not much greenery / few trees / lack of trees
[1] Small bushes / thorny bushes / scrub / rakh / shrubs
[1] Barren / bare / dry
[1] Oasis
[2] High temperatures / hot (during day) / cold at night / uncomfortable living conditions
[2] Lack of / little / unreliable rainfall
[2] Difficult to grow crops / carry out agriculture
[2] Difficult to rear animals
[2] Lack of water / travel long distance to find water / low water table
[2] Dust / sandstorms
[2] Infertile soils / lack of nutrients / lack of humus produced
[2] Reliable food supply
[2] Isolated / far from urban areas / remote
[2] Inaccessible / poor / lack of roads
[2] Wild / poisonous animals
[1] Cold / cool / low temperatures / freezing temperatures
[1] Relief rainfall
[1] Snow (capped peaks) / blizzards
[1] Ice / hail
[1] Windy
[1] Dry
[1] Sunny / bright / clear skies OR few sunny days / cloudy
[1] The further north (from the equator) the cooler it is / north is cold
[1] The closer to the equator the warmer it is / southern Pakistan is warmer / south Pakistan is hot
[1] In the south / the closer to the equator the more convectional rainfall / more thunderstorms
[1] More concentrated / direct rays of sunshine / higher angle of sun nearer equator (so higher temperatures)
[6] Content Guide: Description of the topography in the north of Pakistan compared to other areas. Limits to human activity and development: Availability of flat land; Impact of topography on climate; Restrictions to developing named examples of industry / farming / other named examples of human activity and economic development; Restrictions to developing named examples of infrastructure, e.g. roads / telecommunications / internet / other named examples of human activity and economic development. Encourages human activity and development: Transhumance; HEP / Hydel / dams; Cottage industries; Tourism. Etc.