Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). The authority of the Mughal emperors was declining by the end of Aurangzeb's reign in 1707. The Hindus were unhappy with aspects of his reign and after his death, began to exercise greater control over parts of the sub-continent. As a result Muslim power and influence over India, which had been so strong, began to disintegrate. Many Muslims began to feel strongly about reviving Islam, including Haji Shariat Ullah.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to:
2. Dar-Ul-Harb – miserable condition of Muslims, had moved away from Islamic practices and so wanted them to observe them again – faraiz.
3. He wanted to restore pride of Muslims, remove Hindu practices in worship, emphasis on praying for past sins, promising to lead a righteous life in future, alarmed Hindus, work carried on by son.
4. Work carried on in East Bengal amongst Muslims who had been oppressed by Hindus and British.
5. Supported jihad.
6. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement They were interested in the country
7. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons To trade and extend their sphere of influence in the East
8. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons Traders reported evidence of immense wealth in the sub-Continent, which led to the EIC establishing a trading base there since they saw a profitable future in the trade of spices, cotton and silk. It also wanted to establish its influence in the sub-Continent and to oust the Dutch and Portuguese, especially since the East Indies was already out of reach with the Dutch in control of the Spice trade. The EIC also wanted to establish a strategic port in the sub-continent that would protect its trading interests there and the warm waters were especially attractive to all year trading.
9. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. The War was the fault of the British
10. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description of/identifies reasons The Doctrine of Lapse occurred when any local kingdom not having a direct heir was to be taken over by the British. A new rifle cartridge, which was coated in both cow and pig fat, was introduced.
11. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains Doctrine of Lapse or other reasons
12. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains Doctrine of lapse and other reasons The Doctrine of Lapse, under which any local kingdom not having a direct heir was to be taken over by the British, had been introduced without any consultation or care for local feeling. It caused great unrest. Other reforms had also been introduced similarly. The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in 1832 deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus who were concerned about the loss of their culture through a change of language. A number of social reforms had been imposed without consultation or care for local feeling which also caused unrest. Indians had to send their children to co-educational schools and were forced to abandon purdah, which again was seen as a threat to their culture. The British introduced a new cartridge, which was coated in both cow and pig fat. Because the soldiers had to chew the fat it caused great resentment since the Muslims forbade pig fat and the cow was a sacred animal in the eyes of the Hindus.
13. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation.