What is meant by each of the following terms? A Subsistence crop farming

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] A Crops grown for own consumption/use/for the farmer and his family/use it for themselves;
2. [1] B Crops grown for sale/export/income/profit/grown commercially.
3. [1] Subsistence: Rice/vegetables/wheat;
4. [1] Cash: Rice/sugar cane/oilseeds/cotton/wheat.
5. [1] Yields increased/increased output/higher yields;
6. [1] Allows double/multi-cropping/can use smaller/less land so more productive/crops grow faster/faster growth;
7. [1] Increased income/can sell surplus for profit/higher profits;
8. [1] Consistent quality of crops/better quality/healthy growth;
9. [1] Meets requirements of international standards;
10. [1] Protects against/more resistant to pests;
11. [1] Protects against/more resistant to disease;
12. [1] HYV crops, shorter/stronger and can withstand strong winds (therefore less damage);
13. [1] Drought resistant.
14. [1] Seeds have to be bought every year/cannot sow seeds produced from crops grown;
15. [1] Exhausts soil/can cause soil to lose its fertility/soil infertile;
16. [1] Expensive/poor farmers cannot afford them;
17. [1] Extra named input required, e.g. water/fertilisers;
18. [1] Not seen as a healthy crop/artificial/genetically modified;
19. [1] Lowers species diversity;
20. [1] Shortfall in skills/knowledge to use them/needs training.
21. [1] A 27% (allow 26-28%)
22. [1] B Sindh
23. [1] Balochistan increases and Punjab decreases;
24. [1] When population growth is higher in Balochistan it is lower in Punjab and vice versa;
25. [1] Balochistan falls in 81-98 then rises in 98-11/moves from lower growth to higher growth whereas Punjab rises in 81–98 then falls in 98-11/moves from higher growth to lower growth;
26. [1] Balochistan lowest in 81–98 whereas Punjab highest in 81–98;
27. [1] Balochistan higher in 98–11 than 72–81/overall increase in growth: Punjab lower in 98–11 than 72–81/overall decrease in growth;
28. [1] Balochistan higher than Punjab in 72–81/98–11/Punjab higher than Balochistan in 81-98;
29. [1] Balochistan has a growth rate of more than 50% whereas Punjab has 25-55%.
30. [2] Children are an important part of the labour force (children needed to work on the land);
31. [2] Desire for sons (as an insurance policy in old age/ill health);
32. [2] Increase in food production (due to better farming methods);
33. [2] Better transportation system (to move doctors/food to where it is needed most);
34. [2] Cannot afford contraceptives.
35. [2] Early marriage/multiple marriages (increases the span for reproductivity);
36. [2] Limited acceptance of birth control/lack of family planning clinics/education about family planning;
37. [2] Religious beliefs (Allah gives Rizq/believe holy prophet wanted the nation to increase in size);
38. [2] Large families seen as a matter of pride/desire for large families;
39. [2] Low levels of literacy/lack of education (people are not educated about the pitfalls of large families/women are illiterate);
40. [2] Lack of contraceptives/access to contraceptives/knowledge of contraceptives;
41. [2] People living longer/higher life expectancy/ageing population.
42. [2] Increased availability of healthcare/medical facilities, (e.g. vaccinations/more hospitals/numbers of doctors/ use of antibiotics/other life-saving drugs);
43. [2] Decrease in child mortality (due to improvements in the quality of medical facilities and/or access to them);
44. [2] Death rates have decreased (due to control of diseases, e.g. malaria or other named disease/due to modern health facilities);
45. [2] Improvement in sanitation/water supply (reducing spread of diseases like typhoid/cholera or other named disease);
46. [2] Change in governments (hinders implementation of population welfare programmes to reduce population growth);
47. [2] The hosting of large numbers of Afghan refugees/more people moving to Pakistan from neighbouring countries/immigration
48. [2] Nomadic herdsmen/farming/nomadism/have to keep on moving/transhumance/need to move constantly/moves from high to lowland for winter and in summer move back;
49. [2] Herds/flocks of animals/taking care of animals/livestock/ sheep/goats/grazing/pasture/water.
50. [1] Kept singly for domestic use;
51. [1] Can be kept in urban areas/on the edge of urban areas;
52. [1] Kept in sheds/small yards;
53. [1] Need to remain in water/need large amounts of water/where water is available/need to be kept near water/near rivers/marshy land;
54. [1] Kept in canal/irrigated areas of Sindh/Punjab;
55. [1] Buffalo are kept in one place/settled livestock/requires a permanent settlement.
56. [1] Employment opportunities
57. [1] Improvements to roads/other infrastructure
58. [1] New settlements
59. [1] Educational/recreational facilities
60. [1] More trade for local shops
61. [1] More work for local ancillary/related industries
62. [1] Farmland/grazing
63. [1] Air pollution/dust from chimneys, etc.
64. [1] Visual pollution/eyesore
65. [1] Roads/railways congested
66. [1] Attracts migrants
67. [1] Uses large amounts of water/power