Read the source below carefully to answer question (a). In 1997, Nawaz Sharif returned to power as Prime Minister but he faced many serious problems. Pakistan's relations with the USA were damaged because of Pakistan's support for the Taliban in Afghanistan, and her army was forced to pull back from territory it had gained in Kargil, Kashmir. Perhaps the greatest threat came from General Pervez Musharraf.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to: 1999, Nawaz tried to blame Kashmir retreat on Pervez Musharraf but not accepted. Nawaz Sharif tried to sack him when he was visiting Sri Lanka and not allowing him to return to Pakistan. His army staff overthrew Nawaz Sharif and Pervez Musharraf returned and put Pakistan under military rule. A bloodless coup, life allowed to get on as normal.
2. [1] LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer It saw no alternative
3. [2-4] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons It was a long way from West Pakistan and was poorer.
4. [5-7] LEVEL 3: Explains reasons East Pakistan was resentful of the fact that it was under-represented in the Pakistani army and the Civil Service. Due to the distance from the West it felt under political repression and with an undemocratic government. Because it had a weaker industrial base than the West and suffered from floods it resented that it received little attention from the rest of Pakistan.
5. [1-2] LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement Pakistan has been friendly with Britain
6. [3-6] LEVEL 2: Description of relationship Both countries have been members of CENTO and SEATO as well as the UN.
7. [7-10] LEVEL 3: Explains successes OR Explains failures
8. [9-13] LEVEL 4: Explains both. Successes: Will refer to: British personnel remained in Pakistan post 1947, Britain helped to broker a peace deal in 1965, Margaret Thatcher visited in 1981, £46m aid for Afghan refugees in Pakistan, important trading partner, Commonwealth member until 1971, aid given to Pakistan by richer Commonwealth countries. Failures: Will refer to: Britain refuses to interfere in Kashmir problem, Pakistan criticism over Suez crisis, Britain abstains at UN over Bangladesh issues, Pakistan withdraws from Commonwealth in 1971.
9. [14] LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation.