O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2017 · Q425 Marks

Study Fig. 5, which shows a diagram of the karez system of irrigation. [Figure 5] Choose three terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in three of the spaces provided. maintenance shaft aquifer canal tunnel water table

(a)(i)Study Fig. 5, which shows a diagram of the karez system of irrigation. [Figure 5] Choose three terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in three of the spaces provided. maintenance shaft aquifer canal tunnel water table[3]
(a)(ii)Give an example of a barrage in Pakistan and name the river it is on. Barrage River[2]
(a)(iii)State why barrages are needed in Pakistan.[2]
(b)(i)Describe two ways in which the atmosphere in Pakistan can be polluted. 1 2[2]
(b)(ii)Explain how the use of chemical fertilisers on farms damages the natural environment. You should develop your answer.[4]
(c)Study Fig. 6, which shows water use by sector in Pakistan in 2008. [Figure 6]
(c)(i) AWhich sector used least water?[1]
(c)(i) BHow much water was used by the irrigation/livestock sector?[1]
(c)(ii)Name a type of industry that uses large amounts of water.[1]
(c)(iii)About 60% of irrigation water is lost before it reaches crops. Give three reasons why irrigation water is lost in this way. 1 2 3[3]
(d)Read the following two views about water shortages in Pakistan: A The best way to prevent water shortages in Pakistan is to build more dams and other infrastructure projects. These will store or supply more water. B The best way to prevent water shortages in Pakistan is to educate people about different methods of saving water. These methods could be carried out in agriculture, industry, and in homes. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider both View A and View B in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] Any three of (L to R): canal, aquifer, water table, maintenance shaft, tunnel
[1] Marala/Khanki/Qadirabad | Chenab
[1] Jinnah/Chashma/Taunsa/Guddu/Sukkur/Kotri | Indus
[1] Rasul/Trimmu | Jhelum
[1] Panjnad | Panjnad
[1] Balloki/Sidhnai | Ravi
[1] Islam/Sulaimanke | Sutlej
[1] Munda | Swat
Note: Named dams not allowed
[1] Irrigation/release water for irrigation;
[1] Provide water supply to perennial canals/link canals;
[1] Flood control;
[1] Flow of water controlled;
[1] To stimulate economic development/industry/settlement.
[1] Smoke/fumes/gases/named gases/harmful gases from factories/tanneries/industries/chimneys/power stations;
[1] Smoke/fumes/gases/named gases from vehicle exhausts;
[1] Burning fossil fuels;
[1] Clearing forests by burning;
[1] Release of gases/methane from livestock/rice/paddy fields/landfill;
[1] Burning domestic rubbish/incineration;
[1] Air pollution/dust from mineral extraction/mining/ quarrying.
[1] Cause pollution of rivers/watercourses (runoff from farmland containing chemicals washes into them);
[1] Pollution of groundwater (from infiltration eventually entering rivers, polluting them);
[1] Eutrophication in rivers (nitrates/phosphates cause algal blooms which increase CO2/reduce O2)/(killing fish/aquatic animals/destroy aquatic life);
[1] Causes ecosystem to be unbalanced (through loss/ extinction of species) (through disruption to food chains/ food webs);
[1] Overuse of fertilisers (damages soil/makes soil infertile/ poisons/damages natural vegetation).
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses).
Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
[1] Domestic
[1] 94% (allow 93–95%)
[1] Beverages/soft drinks/juice industry/dyeing/tanning/printing/ iron/steel/nuclear/textiles/chemical/pharmaceutical/hydel/ HEP/paper/tourism/leisure/inland fish farms.
[1] Seepage from beds of canals/absorbed into the soil/land/no canal lining;
[1] Evaporation/evapotranspiration from surface of canals/tanks/flooded land;
[1] Excessive runoff of water immediately into streams/rivers;
[1] Theft of water/theft from canals;
[1] Water drawn up by vegetation on side of canal;
[1] Mismanagement.
Levels marking Level 1 (1-2 marks) Simple point addressing any view (1). Simple points addressing any view (2). Level 2 (3-4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining one view (3). Developed point(s) explaining views (4). No evaluation. Level 3 (5-6 marks) Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to one view or a named example (5). Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to one view and a named example (6).
Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: For infrastructure ∞ Prevents loss of water downstream into sea ∞ Collects rainfall/snowmelt ∞ Reservoirs feed perennial canals ∞ Can store large amounts of water Against infrastructure ∞ Source of conflict between countries and provinces ∞ Social issues ∞ Loss of fresh water at Indus Delta ∞ Water intrusion into Sindh ∞ High initial investment ∞ Little use in Balochistan where rivers dry up ∞ Mismanagement by provincial/national government ∞ Siltation occurs For water saving ∞ Planting trees ∞ Lining canals ∞ Careful monitoring/regulation of amount of water used ∞ Better forms of water storage in homes ∞ Water meters in homes/industries Against water saving ∞ Long time scale required to educate sufficient number of people ∞ Resistance to education ∞ Water a valuable raw material in industry ∞ Growing population with increasing demand for drinking water ∞ Development goal to increase availability of water ETC.