What is meant by each of the following terms? A Subsistence crop farming B Cash crop farming

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] A Crops grown for own consumption/use/for the farmer and his family/use it for themselves;
2. [1] B Crops grown for sale/export/income/profit/grown commercially.
3. [1] Subsistence: Rice/vegetables/wheat;
4. [1] Cash: Rice/sugar cane/oilseeds/cotton/wheat.
5. [1] Advantages: Yields increased/increased output/higher yields;
6. [1] Advantages: Allows double/multi-cropping/can use smaller/less land so more productive/crops grow faster/faster growth;
7. [1] Advantages: Increased income/can sell surplus for profit/higher profits;
8. [1] Advantages: Consistent quality of crops/better quality/healthy growth;
9. [1] Advantages: Meets requirements of international standards;
10. [1] Advantages: Protects against/more resistant to pests;
11. [1] Advantages: Protects against/more resistant to disease;
12. [1] Advantages: HYV crops, shorter/stronger and can withstand strong winds (therefore less damage);
13. [1] Advantages: Drought resistant.
14. [1] Disadvantages: Seeds have to be bought every year/cannot sow seeds produced from crops grown;
15. [1] Disadvantages: Exhausts soil/can cause soil to lose its fertility/soil infertile;
16. [1] Disadvantages: Expensive/poor farmers cannot afford them;
17. [1] Disadvantages: Extra named input required, e.g. water/fertilisers;
18. [1] Disadvantages: Not seen as a healthy crop/artificial/genetically modified;
19. [1] Disadvantages: Lowers species diversity;
20. [1] Disadvantages: Shortfall in skills/knowledge to use them/needs training.
21. Note: Reserve one mark for each of advantage and disadvantage.
22. [1] 27% (allow 26-28%)
23. [1] Sindh
24. [1] Balochistan increases and Punjab decreases;
25. [1] When population growth is higher in Balochistan it is lower in Punjab and vice versa;
26. [1] Balochistan falls in 81-98 then rises in 98-11/moves from lower growth to higher growth whereas Punjab rises in 81–98 then falls in 98-11/moves from higher growth to lower growth;
27. [1] Balochistan lowest in 81–98 whereas Punjab highest in 81–98;
28. [1] Balochistan higher in 98–11 than 72–81/overall increase in growth: Punjab lower in 98–11 than 72–81/overall decrease in growth;
29. [1] Balochistan higher than Punjab in 72–81/98–11/Punjab higher than Balochistan in 81-98;
30. [1] Balochistan has a growth rate of more than 50% whereas Punjab has 25-55%.
31. Note: any one correct statement. Can accept converse.
32. [1] Economic factors: Children are an important part of the labour force (children needed to work on the land);
33. [1] Economic factors: Desire for sons (as an insurance policy in old age/ill health);
34. [1] Economic factors: Increase in food production (due to better farming methods);
35. [1] Economic factors: Better transportation system (to move doctors/food to where it is needed most);
36. [1] Economic factors: Cannot afford contraceptives.
37. [1] Social factors: Early marriage/multiple marriages (increases the span for reproductivity);
38. [1] Social factors: Limited acceptance of birth control/lack of family planning clinics/education about family planning;
39. [1] Social factors: Religious beliefs (Allah gives Rizq/believe holy prophet wanted the nation to increase in size);
40. [1] Social factors: Large families seen as a matter of pride/desire for large families;
41. [1] Social factors: Low levels of literacy/lack of education (people are not educated about the pitfalls of large families/women are illiterate);
42. [1] Social factors: Lack of contraceptives/access to contraceptives/knowledge of contraceptives;
43. [1] Social factors: People living longer/higher life expectancy/ageing population.
44. [1] Political factors: Increased availability of healthcare/medical facilities, (e.g. vaccinations/more hospitals/numbers of doctors/ use of antibiotics/other life-saving drugs);
45. [1] Political factors: Decrease in child mortality (due to improvements in the quality of medical facilities and/or access to them);
46. [1] Political factors: Death rates have decreased (due to control of diseases, e.g. malaria or other named disease/due to modern health facilities);
47. [1] Political factors: Improvement in sanitation/water supply (reducing spread of diseases like typhoid/cholera or other named disease);
48. [1] Political factors: Change in governments (hinders implementation of population welfare programmes to reduce population growth);
49. [1] Political factors: The hosting of large numbers of Afghan refugees/more people moving to Pakistan from neighbouring countries/immigration
50. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses).
51. Note: Max 2 marks if no development.
52. [2] Nomadic herdsmen/farming/nomadism/have to keep on moving/transhumance/need to move constantly/moves from high to lowland for winter and in summer move back;
53. [2] Herds/flocks of animals/taking care of animals/livestock/ sheep/goats/grazing/pasture/water.
54. Note: Reserve 1 mark for type of farming a further mark is for description.
55. [1] Kept singly for domestic use;
56. [1] Can be kept in urban areas/on the edge of urban areas;
57. [1] Kept in sheds/small yards;
58. [1] Need to remain in water/need large amounts of water/where water is available/need to be kept near water/near rivers/marshy land;
59. [1] Kept in canal/irrigated areas of Sindh/Punjab;
60. [1] Buffalo are kept in one place/settled livestock/requires a permanent settlement.
61. Levels marking Level 1 (1-2 marks) Simple point addressing any view (1). Simple points addressing any view (2). Level 2 (3-4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining one view (3). Developed point(s) explaining both views (4). No evaluation. Level 3 (5-6 marks) Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to one view or a named example (5). Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to one view and a named example (6).
62. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: For livestock ∞ Large multi-national farms ∞ Bigger source of protein ∞ Source of milk/ghee/meat ∞ Sheep/goats can survive on marginal land Against livestock ∞ Insufficient land for fodder crops ∞ Inadequate storage facilities ∞ Lack of grazing land ∞ Overgrazing ∞ Lack of funds ∞ Unhygienic husbandry For food crops ∞ More land can grow food for people ∞ Well-developed irrigation ∞ Multi-cropping ∞ Access to fertilisers/pesticides, etc. Against food crops ∞ Mismanagement ∞ Overuse ∞ Of water/seepage from canals ∞ Over-cultivation ETC.