O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · May/June 2012 · Q125 Marks

Study Photographs A, B and C (Insert).

(a)(i)Name the forest types A, B and C and locate each type of forest by writing the correct letter in each area shown on the map below (Fig. 1).[4]
(a)(ii)Describe the appearance of the forest shown in Photograph C.[3]
(a)(iii)Explain the importance of the forest in Photograph B to fishermen and fishing villages.[3]
(a)(iv)Why does the forest in Photograph A appear to be in an area of afforestation?[3]
(b)(i)State two effects of deforestation in mountain areas.[2]
(b)(ii)Explain how one of these could be controlled.[4]
(c)CRAFTS TOURISM CLIMATE SOILS With reference to two of the above, explain how trees can be a valuable resource for the people who live in mountain areas.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[4] (a) (i) Name the forest types A, B and C and write the correct letter for each area shown on Fig. 1 A Coniferous / alpine B Mangrove C Tropical thorn / Rakh / Irrigated / Riveraine / Bela (3 for names, 1 for all areas correct)
[3] (ii) Describe the appearance of the forest shown in Photograph C. green / healthy dense / close together plantation / planned / in lines varied height form a canopy / canopy open / crowns meet / provides shade no undergrowth / bare floor same species shisham / babul
[3] (iii) Explain the importance of the forest in Photograph B to fishermen and fishing villages. breeding area / many fish there (max 1 mark for ref. to fish) source of income protection to villages (against storms, floods, tidal waves etc.) firewood fodder / food timber / wood for boats, houses etc.
[3] (iv) Why does the forest in Photograph A appear to be in an area of afforestation? regular pattern / evenly distributed / in blocks straight lines blocks of same height / age / young trees blocks of same species evidence of deforestation / cutting
[2] (b) (i) State two effects of deforestation in mountain areas. Increased surface runoff soil erosion / leaching / infertile landslides / avalanches floods less rainfall higher temperatures } climatic change loss of habitat / rare species shortage of firewood / food siltation in reservoirs (dams)
[4] (ii) Explain how one of these could be controlled. Allow a 2nd mark for development of any line e.g. quick growing trees (Soil erosion etc. controlled by) planting trees to hold the soil planting trees to protect the soil terracing contour ploughing selective cutting education / awareness (Siltation controlled by) Silt traps Dredging / removal of silt from reservoirs (Flooding controlled by) Embankments Dams / barrages (Climatic change controlled by) Reduce burning of fossil fuels Controls on emissions Laws / treaties etc. (Loss of habitat controlled by) Establish reserves Selective cutting Rangers / laws (Shortage of firewood controlled by) Use of alternative fuels (other than firewood) eg. LPG / natural gas
[6] (c) CRAFTS TOURISM CLIMATE SOILS With reference to two of the above, explain how trees can be a valuable resource for the people who live in mountain areas. Credit only once 'for income / employment' Improved standard of living / quality of life / better lifestyle Res. 2 for each choice CRAFTS - small scale / cottage industry, work for locals, income, furniture, toys etc. sale to tourists, local need, export, for raw material TOURISM - scenic beauty (or similar) shade, picnics, nature study, photography, to buy crafts CLIMATE - increases transpiration, increases humidity, more rain, shade, to lower temperature reduce pollution / more oxygen / fresh air SOILS - leaf fall creates humus, more fertility, can grow crops, pastures, prevents erosion / landslides / soil erosion, prevents flooding,