O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2016 · Q225 Marks

Suggest one reason why farming is more productive on flat land.

(a)(i)Suggest one reason why farming is more productive on flat land.[1]
(a)(ii)Many processes are involved in rice cultivation. In the boxes below, place the following processes in the order in which they occur. flooding sowing draining transplanting 1 ploughing 2 3 4 5 6 harvesting[2]
(a)(iii)Explain how one of the processes you named in (ii) is carried out on a small-scale subsistence farm. Process Explanation[3]
(a)(iv)Describe the natural factors needed to produce the highest yields of rice.[3]
(b)Study [Figure 3.0] (Insert) which gives information about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan for 2014 by sector.
(b)(i)State what might be in categories A and B in Fig. 3. A B[2]
(b)(ii)For one sector in Fig. 3 explain how its contribution to GDP could be increased. Sector Explanation[2]
(c)Study [Figure 4.0] which gives information about the yields of three crops grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK).
(c)(i)AWhich crop had the lowest yield in KPK on average over the years 2006–10?
(c)(i)BIn 2011 what was the difference in maize yield between KPK and Pakistan?[2]
(c)(ii)Using Fig. 4 and your own knowledge explain the problems for agriculture in KPK province.[4]
(d)Read the following article: The Lowari Tunnel is due to open in 2017. It is 8.6 km long and will give Chitral Valley its only all-weather road to the rest of Pakistan. For some in Chitral Valley this tunnel will be of real benefit but for others it will create problems. To what extent does the Lowari Tunnel benefit or create problems for the local people and economy of Chitral? Give reasons for your answer.[6]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] Ease of ploughing/sowing/harvesting/cultivation/use of farm machinery
Water is retained
Easier/possible to irrigate
Soil not washed away
Terracing not necessary
[2] 2 Sowing
3 Flooding
4 Transplanting
5 Draining
[3] Manual labour
Family workers/farmer himself
Draught animals/bullocks
Limited use of machinery/simple tools/shaduf/Persian Wheel/unlined canals
Specific factors Max 2 Factors for ploughing/harvesting = 0
Sowing into beds/nurseries
Bunds/terraces constructed in main fields
Water diverted from rivers/unlined canals
Main fields flooded to 30-37cm/12-14"
Transplanted into prepared/weeded fields
When 20-25cm/8-10" high
Bunds breached [to drain fields]
Lowest terrace breached/drained first
[3] High/heavy/ample/abundant/plentiful rainfall/1270+mm
Dry for harvest
Warm temperature/20-35C/no cold season
Level/flat land
Loam/clay soil/impervious sub-soil/water retentive
[2] A: Livestock/named livestock
B: Services /named service/named employment in service industry
[2] Primary Improve irrigation to increase area under crops
Develop further modern methods of agriculture e.g. mechanisation/fertilisers/pesticides/HYVs
Land reforms/consolidation
Government schemes e.g. plant protection programmes/credit/loans to buy farm machinery
More agricultural training college to increase skills
[Foreign]Investment in livestock facilities/husbandry
[Foreign] investment in exploration/extraction of natural resources
Afforestation projects
Modernisation of fishing fleet
Secondary Expand Industrial Estates/Special Industrial Zones
Government organisations to promote small scale/cottage industries/loans to small industry owners/technical service/development centres
Attract foreign/private investment for business start-ups
Promote training courses in business/technology
Introduce hi-tech/modern machinery
Higher quality control of finished goods
Tertiary Improve security to attract tourists
Develop telecommunication network
More publicity/marketing
Government organisations to promote tourism/call centres
Improved IT/business skills training
Setting up schools/colleges/education/training centres/hospitals
[2] A: Wheat
B: 2050 kg/ha/accept 1950–2150 kg/ha
[4] KPK yields [always] less than for Pakistan [as a whole]/rest of Pakistan/other provinces
Too cold in winter [for growth]/severe weather in winter/frost damage
Too hilly/mountainous/terrain too rugged [for large fields]/barren/thin/infertile soils/prone to soil erosion (farm processes less efficient)
Terracing needed (high cost and much labour for construction/maintenance)
Irrigation difficult/few rivers
Remote from large centres of population/markets (making commercial farming difficult)
Poor infrastructure for transport of farm goods (kacha roads/passes blocked by landslides)
Terrorism/insurgencies
Lack of government interest (preventing access to modern techniques in agriculture)
[6] L3 5-6 marks 6 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (benefits AND problems) with evaluation
5 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (benefits AND problems)
L2 3-4 marks 4 - Two developed statements about either aspect (benefits AND/OR problems). No evaluation
3 – One developed statement about one aspect (benefits OR problems)
L1 1-2 marks 2 – Two simple statements about either aspect (benefits AND/OR problems)
1 - One simple statement about one aspect (benefits OR problems)
0 – No valid response