O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2016 · Q125 Marks

(a) Study [Figure 1.0] which is a map of northern Pakistan.

(a)(i)On the map name the following: • Mountain range A • City B • River C[3]
(a)(ii)Explain the causes of high rainfall at city B.[4]
(b)(i)What is meant by the term 'population density'?[1]
(b)(ii)Which province in Pakistan has the highest population density?[1]
(b)(iii)Explain the physical factors that cause areas such as the province you named in (ii) to have a high population density.[4]
(c)Study [Figure 2.0] (Insert) which shows two population pyramids for Pakistan.
(c)(i)What information is displayed in a population pyramid?[2]
(c)(ii)Identify two ways in which Pakistan's population structure is forecast to change between 2014 and 2040. 1 2[2]
(c)(iii)Give one possible reason for each change identified in (ii). 1 2[2]
(d)Read the following two views about overpopulation in Pakistan: A The problems caused by overpopulation can only be solved by increasing resources such as food, housing, and essential services. B The needs of the people can only be met if population growth can be controlled. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[3] A: Himalaya(s)
B: Murree
C: Jhelum
[4] Receives rainfall in all seasons/throughout year
Monsoon (from Bay of Bengal) (via N India)
Western depressions (from Mediterranean) (from Afghanistan/Iran)
Relief rainfall (air rises over mountains and cools/condenses)
Thunderstorm/convection/convectional rain/currents (hot air rises [in summer] and cools)
[1] The [average] amount/number of people per unit area/km²/mile²/acre/ha accept: m²/per square unit
[1] Punjab
[4] Plains/doabs/flat land for ease of/suitable for building/communication routes/agriculture
Alluvial terraces/flood plains producing fertile soil
Moderate temperature/climate not too extreme/monsoon rainfall giving tolerable living conditions
High annual rainfall leading to higher agricultural yields
Rivers/Indus/tributaries/named tributary for water supply [for industry]/irrigation/flooding land/fishing/transport
Fertile soils which allow cultivation of crops
[2] Amount/proportion/percentage of population in certain age groups/distribution of various age groups in a population/age structure of the population
In 5-year age groups
[Compares] male and female [shown separately]
[2] Fewer children/young dependents/fewer of specified age in range 0-14
Fewer 15-19
More working population/more of specified age in range 25–59/64
More elderly/old dependents/more of specified age in range 60+/65+
(If no other answer accept) ageing population
[2] Lower birth rates/parents having fewer children/smaller family size
Marrying later/women in education/working/empowered
Higher use of/introduction of contraception/family planning
Education/awareness about contraception/family planning/healthcare/diet/hygiene
Over the period the larger bars move up the pyramid
Greater in-migration/more refugees in working age group
Longer life expectancy/higher standard of living/lower death rates/lower infant mortality rates
Improved healthcare/vaccinations/more/better qualified doctors
Improved hygiene/diet/nutrition/food supply
[6] L3 5-6 marks 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate place or example
5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view
L2 3-4 marks 4 - Two developed statements about either aspect (benefits AND/OR problems). No evaluation
3 – One developed statement about one aspect (benefits OR problems)
L1 1-2 marks 2 – Two simple statements about either aspect (benefits AND/OR problems)
1 - One simple statement about one aspect (benefits OR problems)
0 – No valid response