O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · May/June 2014 · Q425 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 7, a map of deforestation in Pakistan. [Figure 7]

(a)(i)Name the areas of deforestation A and B.[2]
(a)(ii)Name the desert C.[1]
(a)(iii)State three reasons why deforestation occurs in one of the areas shown on Fig. 7. 1 2 3[3]
(b)(i)Study the article below from ‘Dawn', November 4th, 2011. Pakistan has the highest annual deforestation rate in Asia. The forests only cover 2.5% of the country's land. At the time of independence they covered 33%. If deforestation is not more strictly controlled, the country will not be able to meet its commitment under the UN Development Goal. This goal is to increase its forest cover to 6% by 2015. By how much has forest cover decreased since independence?[1]
(b)(ii)By how much should it increase by 2015 to meet its commitment under the UN Development Goal?[1]
(c)State and explain three effects of deforestation in mountainous areas. Effect Explanation Effect Explanation Effect Explanation[6]
(d)Explain how forests can become a source of income for the people of rural areas.[4]
(e)(i)What is meant by the term 'sustainable agriculture'?[1]
(e)(ii)To what extent can agriculture be sustainable in Pakistan?[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[2] A - Sulaiman Range
B - Safed Koh / FATA
[1] Kharan desert
[3] Farming / growing food / fodder / cash crops,
For firewood
For timber
Mining
Roads
Overgrazing
Housing / urbanisation / residential
Industry
[1] 30.5%
[1] 3.5%
[6] Any three of the following
Soil erosion, no roots to hold the soil / less interception
Landslides / avalanches
Rocks / snow no longer held back by trees
Leaching, no roots to bring minerals to surface / minerals washed out of exposed soil / infertile soils
Silt blocks rivers
Water runs off slopes
Silt fills reservoirs / canals
Silt settles in still / slow moving water
Flooding
Runoff increased / less interception
Extinction / loss of species
Loss of habitat
Less rainfall / lower humidity
Less transpiration
Less shade
Loss of branches and leaves
Less tourism
Loss of scenic beauty
Shortage of firewood
No fuel for heating / domestic use
[3 x 2 marks]
[4] Firewood / charcoal
Named raw material e.g. timber / roots / leaves / ephedra / fruit / nuts
For cottage / small scale / craft / pharmaceutical industries
Named product e.g. furniture, toys, souvenirs
Forests attract tourism
Goods can be sold to tourists
Creates employment e.g. forest guides / rangers / forest department / forestry
[1] A definition such as
Supplying the food / agricultural product needs of the present generation while protecting / not compromising the food / agricultural product needs of those in the future
Or
Supplying the food / agricultural product needs of the present generation while protecting / not compromising the natural environment
Or
Supplying the food / agricultural product needs of the present generation while minimising environmental damage
[6] Possibilities – Res 2
Less overcropping / multicropping
Methods of preserving soil e.g. terraces / contour ploughing
Restrict use of heavy machinery
Keeping vegetation cover
Better water management / avoiding over watering / conserving water / lining canals
Organic farming / using manure
Use of appropriate knowledge / training
Problems - Res 2
High demand for more food
Pressures on land e.g. for timber
Lack of education / awareness of sustainable methods
Unco-operative landlords
Land reform needed
Lack of government will / support / investment
Resistance to changing traditional / modern methods