O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · May/June 2014 · Q225 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 2, a cross section showing an oil trap. [Figure 2]

(a)(i)Label on the diagram A the layer of rock containing oil. B the layer of rock containing gas.[2]
(a)(ii)What is meant by the term 'porous rock'?[1]
(a)(iii)Why is the feature in Fig. 2 called 'an oil trap'?[2]
(b)Study Fig. 3 which shows the uses of oil. Choose three of the following terms below to complete Fig. 3. by-products raw materials pesticide petrol biogas bagasse [Figure 3][3]
(c)(i)Name and locate the oil refinery marked on the oilfield in Fig. 4. Name Location [Figure 4][2]
(c)(ii)Name one refinery where imported oil is processed.[1]
(c)(iii)Explain the importance of the White Pipeline, and other pipelines to the development of Pakistan.[4]
(d)(i)Name an area where coal is mined in Pakistan, and state one type of coal found there. Name Type of coal[2]
(d)(ii)Give two reasons why most of the coal mined in Pakistan is called 'low quality'. 1 2[2]
(e)To what extent can Pakistan rely on fossil fuels to increase fuel and power supplies?[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[2] B/ Gas
A/Oil
[1] Rock with pores / holes / spaces / that lets liquids or gases pass through
[2] Oil cannot get through the rocks around it
Oil lies / trapped between layers of non-porous / impervious / impermeable rock
Oil rises to the top of the anticline / top of bend in rocks
[3] by products – in the LHS heading box
pesticide - below plastics
petrol - below fuels
[2] Attock (oil refinery)
Morga(h) / Rawalpindi / Potwar Plateau / SE of Peshawar / NW of Faisalabad
[1] National Refinery / Pakistan Refinery / Pak-Arab Refinery / Korangi / Mahmood Kot
[4] White Pipeline will carry refined oil / frees existing pipeline for crude oil – Res 1
Reduce rail / road transport
Cheaper method of transport (than tanker / rail transport)
Faster method of transport (than tanker)
To meet (increasing) demand for oil
Will increase industrialisation / employment / economic prosperity / living standards / attracts investment (in inland areas)
[2] Quetta - coking coal / Sharig coal / sub-bituminous
Lower Sindh / Thar (desert) – lignite
Salt Range / Dandot Pidh – sub-bituminous / lignite
Makerwal - sub-bituminous
If no or incorrect named area, 0 marks
[2 x 1 mark] High ash content
High moisture content
High sulphur content
Low (hydro)carbon content
Gives off less heat / low heating value / low burning temperature
Crumbles easily / soft / not compressed
[6] Possibilities – Res 2
Large reserves of gas
Sui / Pirkoh / Mari / Potwar Plateau area
Large / new reserves of coal
Of a type suitable for use in power stations / power generation
Coal a cheap fuel
Potential of coal gas
Port at Karachi for imports
Problems – Res 2
Small oil reserves / oil has to be imported
Will run out / not renewable
Coal is heavy / bulky to transport
Gas is difficult to transport / explosive
Fossil fuels expensive to import
Because becoming inaccessible / higher cost of production / exploration / extraction / rising world prices