Study Fig. 5.1, a divided bar graph showing the percentage of total employment in different sectors in Pakistan in 2009 and 2019. Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Accurate completion of secondary sector dividing line at 64%
2. [1] Accurate completion of shading for secondary sector (shaded/solid colour) AND accurate completion of shading for tertiary sector (diagonal lines in the correct direction).
3. [1] 37%
4. [1] Primary: farmer, miner
5. [1] Secondary: carpet weaver, steel worker
6. [1] Tertiary: call centre worker, doctor
7. [1] New industries, factories, or manufacturing areas were built, leading to increased industrialization and growth, including the establishment of industrial estates/zones.
8. [1] Mechanization of agriculture in the primary sector led to job losses there, causing workers to shift to the secondary sector.
9. [1] Pay and working conditions in the secondary sector became higher or improved compared to the primary sector, attracting more labor.
10. [1] A higher amount of skilled or educated labor became available, supporting industrial expansion.
11. [1] There was a higher demand for manufactured products and increased revenue from them.
12. [1] Government policies supported industries, aiming to boost domestic manufacturing, reduce imports, and offering loans for setting up new industries.
13. [1] Increased foreign investment and the establishment of TNCs contributed to industrial growth.
14. [1] Improved road and rail networks made it easier for workers to commute and for materials to reach industries and markets.
15. [1] Improvements in power and electricity supply supported industrial operations.
16. [1] International trade links make exporting manufactured goods more attractive, further stimulating the secondary sector.
17. [1] Similarity: Both industries involve by-hand/manual work, using hand tools and no machinery. They are both secondary sector/manufacturing, operate as cottage industries (often in people's homes), utilize traditional skills/handicraft/craft industries, are small-scale, labour intensive, and their products take a long time to make. Products may also be left out to dry or stacked up.
18. [1] Difference: The industries produce different products (tiles vs. baskets), use different raw materials (ceramics/pottery/clay vs. willow/straw), employ different tools/techniques (painting vs. basket making/weaving), operate in different settings (indoor vs. outdoor), involve different worker demographics (individual/male vs. group/family/mixed genders), and have different sized or arranged work areas (tiles more compact vs. baskets spread out).
19. [1] making of products using raw materials/finished goods/final product/a processed product/goods/made in a factory/workshop/with machinery/with tools/by hand
20. [1] steel/stainless steel/metal(s)
21. [1] titanium/nickel/aluminium/platinum/tantalum/palladium/tungsten
22. [1] chemicals
23. [1] water
24. [1] ceramics
25. [1] plastic/cardboard/packaging
26. [1] rubber/latex
27. [1] flat/large land/site (to easily build factory on) OR supply of raw materials/steel OR close to/access to market OR close to/access transport system/roads/railway OR close to/access airports OR close to/access dry ports/seaports OR close to/access to skilled labour OR reliable power/energy supply OR in area/zone with policies/incentives
28. [2] Temperature: Extreme hot or cold temperatures can deter tourists, while more temperate areas attract them.
29. [2] Heavy rainfall/snow: Flooding or avalanches can destroy infrastructure, but snow can attract tourists for skiing.
30. [2] Topography (steep/rugged/flat land): Influences the ease of building roads, hotels, and resorts for accessibility and development.
31. [2] Scenic beauty/unspoilt locations: Attracts tourists for photography and relaxation.
32. [2] Pollution (water/air/land)/deforestation: Can ruin natural beauty, deterring tourists.
33. [2] Heritage/cultural attractions: Historic or religious buildings attract tourists seeking to learn.
34. [2] Transport system (airports/roads/railways): Good infrastructure provides comfortable, safe, and quick access for tourists.
35. [2] Accommodation (hotels/resorts): Availability of high-standard accommodation, food, clean water, and internet is crucial for tourist expectations.
36. [2] Power/electricity: Essential for comfort, such as air conditioning or heating.
37. [2] Workforce availability: A skilled workforce is needed for jobs in hotels, as tour guides, and for security.
38. [2] Investment (government grants/policies/foreign companies/tour operators): Drives development and advertising of tourist regions.
39. [2] Seasons/seasonal work: Areas may not attract tourists year-round, limiting income to specific seasons.
40. [L3] the importance of the formal sector for Pakistan's tourism industry includes: enables the investment required to build attractions and services; generates stable employment/reduces unemployment; generates tax that can be reinvested in the tourist industry; enhances international reputation of Pakistan; improves infrastructure; formal services will be regulated e.g. covered by insurance.
41. [L3] the importance of the informal sector for Pakistan's tourism industry includes: provides employment for unskilled workers; provides opportunities for business/entrepreneurship; supports the development of skills/could lead to formal employment later; can meet demand not met by the formal sector; adapts quickly to new or temporary trends/demands in tourism; adds to cultural experience for tourists.