Study Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, climate graphs showing rainfall and temperature for Multan and Lahore. [Figure 2.1] [Figure 2.2]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Multan = 35 mm
2. [1] Lahore = 175 mm
3. [1] Lahore has higher/more rainfall/Multan has lower/less rainfall
4. [1] Multan has higher temperatures/Lahore has (slightly) lower temperatures
5. [1] Lahore has some rainfall every month of the year but Multan does not/has no rainfall in October
6. [1] the rainfall patterns/the temperature patterns are similar
7. [1] both have highest rainfall in July
8. [1] both have lowest temperature in January
9. [1] both have the highest temperature in June
10. [1] comparative temperature data: highest temperature in Multan is 36 °C vs in Lahore 33.5 °C (accept ± 1 °C)
11. [1] comparative temperature data: lowest temperature in Multan is 13 °C vs in Lahore 12 °C (accept ± 1 °C)
12. [1] comparative temperature data: mean temperature 26 °C Multan vs 23 °C Lahore (accept ± 2 °C)
13. [1] comparative temperature data: temperature range 23 °C Multan vs 22 °C Lahore (accept ± 1 °C)
14. [1] comparative rainfall data: total rainfall 193 mm Multan vs 686 mm Lahore (accept ± 10 mm)
15. [1] comparative rainfall data: highest rainfall in Multan is 60 mm vs in Lahore 250 mm
16. [1] comparative rainfall data: lowest rainfall in Multan is 0 mm vs in Lahore 4 mm
17. [1] climate region: semi-arid/lowland
18. [1] reason: it has low temperatures/mild/cool/cold winters/–5–25 °C in winter
19. [1] reason: it has high temperatures/hot/warm summers/20–40 °C in summer
20. [1] reason: it has some rainfall all year/high rainfall in summer/monsoon rainfall/250-750 mm rainfall
21. [1] latitude/distance from the equator/Tropic of Cancer
22. [1] continentality/maritime effect/inland area/in a coastal area/distance from sea
23. [1] altitude
24. [1] cloud cover/rainfall/monsoon
25. [1] shade/vegetation/deforestation
26. [1] angle of the sun/seasons/time of year
27. [1] wind direction
28. [1] climate change/global warming
29. [1] convectional and/or monsoon rainfall are found in N/NW /both types found in N/NW
30. [1] convectional rainfall: a smaller area/few areas affected/localised
31. [1] convectional rainfall: Punjab/KPK experience convectional rainfall
32. [1] convectional rainfall: southern areas are deprived of convectional rainfall
33. [1] monsoon rainfall: more areas/larger area/widespread areas affected
34. [1] monsoon rainfall: in NE/central/SE
35. [1] monsoon rainfall: in KPK/Punjab/Sindh
36. [1] monsoon rainfall: on the Indus plain
37. [1] monsoon rainfall: (secondary/overactive monsoon) affect the sea/coastal area/Sindh coast
38. [1] monsoon rainfall: monsoon reaches the Thar desert
39. [2] The south-west monsoon: winds blow/bring moist air from the ocean/sea/originate from Indian Ocean/Bay of Bengal; the winds blow inland causing rainfall
40. [2] The south-west monsoon: in summer, sun heats up land/continent; land warms faster than the ocean
41. [2] The south-west monsoon: warm air over the land rises; this creates low pressure over land
42. [2] The south-west monsoon: air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas; making winds blow from sea to land
43. [2] The north-east monsoon: during winter, the land is cool; the oceans are warmer than the land
44. [2] The north-east monsoon: cool air over the land sinks; high pressure is created over the land/Tropic of Cancer
45. [2] The north-east monsoon: air moves from high pressure to low pressure areas; making winds blow from land to sea
46. [2] The north-east monsoon: the winds are mostly dry; because they formed over a dry area
47. [1] cyclone/(thunder)storm
48. [1] rainfall/monsoon/precipitation/damp/wet
49. [1] cloudy
50. [1] windy
51. [0] No valid response
52. [1-2] Level 1: Simple point referring to one view (1) / Simple points referring to any view (2)
53. [3-4] Level 2: Developed point referring to one view only (3) / Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)
54. [5-6] Level 3: Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) / Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)
55. [DEV] Impact on agriculture: negative as agriculture is a major contributor to economy
56. [DEV] Impact on agriculture: damage to/loss of crops will significantly reduce earnings
57. [DEV] Impact on agriculture: damage would mean having to import more food/crops to meet the needs of the population which will burden the economy
58. [DEV] Impact on agriculture: without agricultural production other economic sectors will be negatively impacted/people will be unable to work
59. [DEV] Impact on agriculture: may result in people losing their jobs/many subsistence farmers will have no food or ability to trade
60. [DEV] Impact on agriculture: not only the current crop will be affected but the following years will also be affected due to the time taken to clean up the land and re-plant the seeds
61. [DEV] Impact on agriculture: replenished rivers and reservoirs can be used as irrigation
62. [DEV] Impact on agriculture: farmland can recover naturally as flood waters recede
63. [DEV] Impact on industry and communications: industry and communications negatively affected
64. [DEV] Impact on industry and communications: could cost more to restore factories/roads etc. than farmland
65. [DEV] Impact on industry and communications: more people can lose their jobs in factories if they are closed
66. [DEV] Impact on industry and communications: rainstorms cut off power supply which stops production
67. [DEV] Impact on industry and communications: manufactured products have a higher value than agricultural products which means that there will be potentially greater loss to the economy if industries are affected
68. [DEV] Impact on industry and communications: if roads/railways are flooded the movement of people/goods and agricultural products will be stopped
69. [DEV] Impact on industry and communications: businesses/factories can afford to put preventative measures in place to reduce the impacts of flooding