Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the location of Sialkot, a place where sports goods are manufactured in Pakistan. Using the information in Fig. 3.1 only, describe the location of Sialkot. [Figure 3.1]

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [3] North / north eastern / eastern part of Pakistan; Distance from named city / Multan / Islamabad; Direction from named city / north-east of Multan / south-east of Islamabad; Close / near to border of Jammu and Kashmir / south-west of Jammu and Kashmir; West of India / near border with India / border city; Direction from named country or area / east of Afghanistan / north-east of Iran / south-west of China / south-west of Jammu and Kashmir; In the same province as Multan.
2. [2] Rubber; Wood / wood pulp; Stitching thread / cotton; Leather; Water; (Linseed) oil / varnish.
3. [3] In small workshops / within household / small scale industry / in cottages / primitive conditions; Uses predominantly manual labour / by hand / hand tools; Processes, e.g. cutting, sewing, stitching, shaping; The final stages are done in factories; There are aspects of both formal and informal sectors; Mostly work is conducted by unskilled / child labourers; Goods are manufactured to international standards / high quality / for export; All stages are supervised for quality control.
4. [2] completion of pie chart; correct shading.
5. [1] There is no sugar cane grown in Balochistan; Sugar mills have to be located near the sugar cane fields and there are none in Balochistan; Sugar cane starts to lose its sugar content as soon as it is harvested / it needs to be crushed immediately; Too far to transport sugar cane from Balochistan to the nearest sugar mill; Sugar cane is bulky and heavy so it is expensive to transport.
6. [2] By-product: Bagasse; Molasses. Use: Bagasse: as a fuel in sugar mills / to make chipboard / to make paper / to make animal feed. Molasses: to manufacture various acids, e.g. citric acid / in the chemical industry / to make cattle feed / to make yeast / as fuel (in sugar factories) / used in manufacture of synthetic rubber.
7. [4] Physical factors: Raw material; heavy and bulky to transport / so factory would be best located close to the source of the raw material in order to reduce cost of transportation (dev); Water; a large quantity of water is needed in steel manufacture / so the factory would be sited near to a large source of water e.g. a river or lake (dev); Land; flat land is required; as it is easier to build on (dev) / unused land is preferred as money does not have to be spent cleaning up the land first (dev) / large area of land so there is room for expansion and storage if needed in the future (dev); cheap land / so that it is affordable for businesses and loans do not have to be taken out (dev). Human factors: Power; situated near to a thermal or nuclear power station / is preferred so that energy supplies will be uninterrupted (dev); Labour; skilled and unskilled labour is required so located near to a large town or city / so that labour can access the factory (dev); Market; located to large towns and cities / railways / ports / so that the products can easily be transported for sale or export (dev); Communication; near to motorways / railways and / or good IT infrastructure / so that goods can be transported efficiently and deals can be made within Pakistan or beyond (dev); Transport; near to main road and rail network and ports for the movement of raw material in / finished products out / and for workers / large and bulky raw material needs to be near factory (dev); Capital; tax breaks, loans, incentives, (dev) etc.
8. [2] Domestic market: cement / steel / fertilisers. Export market: cotton / sports goods / surgical instruments.
9. [6] Content Guide: Possibilities: Introduce training programmes; Advertising to entice local markets to buy locally produced products; Reducing manufacturing costs; Improving productivity; Buy local initiatives or examples; Improving the standard / quality of locally produced goods to meet international standards; Incentives for buying local, e.g. creation of more jobs; Helps reduce impact on climate change by reducing CO2 emissions; from transport costs / benefits to the environment promoted; Make it more difficult to import goods / increase tariffs / duties; Etc. Difficulties: Advertising / promotion / branding of imported goods; Costs / cheaper to buy imported goods; Quality of local goods; Skills availability for producing quality goods; Funding to develop industries / manufacturing; Technical knowledge / skills; Energy crisis; Economic constraints; Availability of modern technology; New competitors, e.g. Bangladesh / Vietnam / Turkey; Low foreign investment in consumer goods; Restricted market, e.g. international standards applied to products; Etc.