O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · Oct/Nov 2019 · Q225 Marks

Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing the major rivers of Pakistan. Name rivers V, W, X and Y. V W X Y [Figure 2.1]

(a)(i)Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing the major rivers of Pakistan. Name rivers V, W, X and Y. V W X Y [Figure 2.1][4]
(a)(ii)Name dam Z shown on Fig. 2.1. Z [Figure 2.1][1]
(b)(i)Name two examples of barrages. 1 2[2]
(b)(ii)State the differences between barrages and dams.[4]
(b)(iii)Suggest four problems caused by siltation.[4]
(c)Explain why rivers are important to Pakistan. You should develop your answer.[4]
(d)Read the following two views about providing solutions to the challenges of water supply in Pakistan: A Small dams are the best way to solve water shortage problems and assist development. B Large dams are the best way to solve water shortage problems and assist development. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.[6]

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Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2019). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[4] V = Indus; W= Jhelum; X = Chenab; Y = Ravi.
[1] Z= Mangla Dam.
[2] Amandarra; Balochi; Chasma; Guddu; Islam; Jinnah; Kotri; Kurrangarhi; Marala; Panjnad; Qadirabad; Rasul; Siddha; Sukkur; Sulaimanka; Taunsa; Trimma.
[4] Dams store water / barrages control flow of water; Barrages can supply little / small amounts / no electricity (dams are major suppliers of hydel power); Silting is a problem for dams (but not barrages); Maintenance cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams); Construction and or maintenance time is quicker for barrages (longer for dams); Construction cost is lower for barrages (more expensive for dams); Fewer or no people have to be evacuated for barrages; Barrages have less environmental impact than dams; Barrages can be built on flat land (dams require steep slopes); Dams have multiple uses whereas barrages do not; Dams provide water for a larger area than barrages; Barrage to deviate channel to an area where there is no river; Do not need to excavate a large area for barrages.
[4] Reducing water supply / less water available / water becomes silty / pipes blocked / reduces capacity of reservoir / less water stored; Blocking the flow of water / blocks canals or rivers / chokes or blocks irrigation canals or pipes / water cannot get through / floods may occur; Weakens foundations of dams / have to be emptied or strengthened / flow of flood water is hampered and can damage dam / damage to turbines or machinery; Not enough water for irrigation / industry / domestic use; Reduces water available for hydel power / generation of hydel power stopped; Encourages growth of algae / eutrophication.
[4] Scenic beauty; for tourism / picnic / leisure (dev); Provides water; especially to areas where rainfall is low/named; examples / sustains life or drinking water (dev); Helps to generate hydel power / electricity; which reduces power shortages / reduces need to import coal or oil / reduces need to use fossil fuels (dev) / one of main sources of electricity; Adds alluvium to soil; so, improves the fertility of the soil / aids crop growth (dev); For fishing industry / subsistence fishing; provides income or food supply to local areas / people (dev); Provides water for domestic use / in the home; named examples, e.g. cooking / cleaning (dev); Provides water for industries; named examples, e.g. cement, brick making, cotton (dev); Provides water for irrigation / agriculture / farming; used to irrigate / water crops / feed livestock / or named examples, e.g. wheat / cotton / sugar cane (dev); Transport; for trade / avoid using roads or rail / access to ports (dev); Etc.
[6] Content Guide: Small dams: Cheaper to construct; Less technical expertise needed; Can be built more quickly; Minimal disruption to people and environment; Etc. Large dams: More people will benefit; Can produce HEP which is good for developing the country; Provides employment opportunities; A bigger area is utilized; Etc.