O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanOct/Nov 2018 · Q325 Marks

Complete Fig. 3.1, which is a divided bar graph, using the information below to show the employment structure of Pakistan: Sector Percentage (%) Primary 42 Secondary 14 Tertiary 44 [Figure 3.1]

(a)(i)Complete Fig. 3.1, which is a divided bar graph, using the information below to show the employment structure of Pakistan: Sector Percentage (%) Primary 42 Secondary 14 Tertiary 44 [Figure 3.1][4]
(a)(ii)Complete the table by classifying the jobs from the list below into the correct categories. An example has been done for you. Primary farmer Secondary factory worker Tertiary teacher nurse train driver builder chef miner fisherman[3]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 3.2, a world map. Shade and label two countries that are major importers of products from Pakistan. [Figure 3.2][2]
(b)(ii)Name three major products that are imported into Pakistan. 1 2 3[3]
(c)(i)Define the term 'trade deficit'.[1]
(c)(ii)Study Fig. 3.3, a bar graph showing the exports and imports of Pakistan in millions of rupees. [Figure 3.3] A Calculate the trade deficit for 1979-1980. Circle one correct answer below. +23519 -90114 -23519 +46929 B Identify how the trade deficit has changed from 1979 to 2003. Circle one correct answer below. increased stayed the same decreased[2]
(c)(iii)Explain why Pakistan has a trade deficit. You should develop your answer.[4]
(d)The negative Balance of Payments needs to be corrected in order to ensure future economic growth. Read the following two views about correcting the Balance of Payments in Pakistan: A The best way to correct the Balance of Payments is to increase exports. B The best way to correct the Balance of Payments is to restrict imports. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[4] Accurate completion of percentage bar chart. (4 @ 1 mark)
[1] Primary = farmer, miner, fisherman;
[1] Secondary = factory worker, builder, chef;
[1] Tertiary = teacher, nurse, train driver.
[2] Accurate shading and labels for 2 countries. (2 @ 1 mark)
[1] Afghanistan
[1] Australia
[1] Bangladesh
[1] Belgium
[1] Egypt
[1] Canada
[1] China / Hong Kong
[1] Denmark
[1] France
[1] Germany
[1] India
[1] Japan
[1] Kenya
[1] Kuwait
[1] Malaysia
[1] Holland
[1] Poland
[1] Portugal
[1] Russia
[1] South Africa
[1] South Korea
[1] Saudi Arabia
[1] Spain
[1] Sri Lanka
[1] Switzerland
[1] Sweden
[1] Tanzania
[1] Turkey
[1] Thailand
[1] United Arab Emirates
[1] United Kingdom
[1] United States of America
[1] Yemen
[1] Machinery / computers
[1] Electrical appliances / electronics
[1] Wheat
[1] Mineral oil / petroleum / crude oil
[1] Tea
[1] Oil seeds
[1] Vegetables
[1] Vegetable oils / edible oils / animal fats / waxes
[1] Coal
[1] Vehicles
[1] Iron / steel / metals
[1] Chemicals
[1] Plastics
[1] Trade deficit is a negative balance of trade where the value of imports exceeds the value of the exports.
[1] 1979-1980: -23519 (for A)
[1] Increased (for B)
[1] Value of imports is greater than exports (import of higher value goods compared with goods for export which are lower value);
[1] Export a small variety of goods (e.g. cotton, rice, sports goods, leather goods, carpets and rugs);
[1] Import food items (e.g. not completely self – sufficient in food);
[1] weather-related points, (e.g. bad storms, heavy rain etc. leading to failed harvests);
[1] Trade barriers / restrictions on exports (e.g. child labour, environmental and health standards);
[1] Tough world market competitors / competition (e.g. Pakistan does not belong to major trade organisations, lack of standardisation / quality)
[1] Limited range of specialist / niche products that other countries need or want (e.g. standardisation / produce cheaper goods / have to import luxury items);
[1] Instability (deters foreign investment);
[1] Shortage of skilled / knowledgeable people to manage products;
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses).
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
No valid response [0]
Level 1 [1-2]: Simple point addressing any challenge or strategy (1) / Simple points addressing any challenge or strategy (2)
Level 2 [3-4]: Developed point(s) explaining one challenge or strategy (3) / Developed point(s) explaining any challenge and strategy (4) / No evaluation
Level 3 [5-6]: Developed points explaining challenges and strategies / Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy or appropriate example (5) / Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy and appropriate example (6)
Content Guide (To increase exports):
[~] Exports with higher value-added element encouraged;
[~] Develop cottage and small-scale industries – especially using local raw materials;
[~] Increase variety of exports;
[~] Develop EPZ – export processing zones;
[~] Reduce taxes on exports;
[~] Boost industrialisation by developing export agencies e.g. Export Promotion Bureau;
[~] Strict quality control;
Content Guide (To restrict imports):
[~] Tertiary sector – less reliance on foreign employees, train Pakistani workers;
[~] More goods produced in Pakistan – both low and high value goods;
[~] Less reliance on other countries / use home produced raw materials if possible;
[~] More food could easily be produced in Pakistan;
[~] Improves local economy;
Note: Candidates may suggest that both ideas work hand in hand, i.e. by reducing imports and increasing exports the development of EPZs would be a logical step.