Which one of the following definitions correctly describes hydel power? Tick one box below. Hydel power is electricity generated by using fossil fuels. Hydel power is electricity generated by using heat from the sun to heat water. Hydel power is electricity generated by using the fast flow of water to move turbines which drive generators. Tick (✔)

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2018). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Hydel power is electricity generated by using the fast flow of water to move turbines which drive generators.
2. [1] Some areas have less rainfall e.g. Gilgit and Chitral (e.g. cannot generate electricity if not enough water);
3. [1] Rain shadow areas;
4. [1] More precipitation in highland areas (e.g. where most dams are located);
5. [1] Less rainfall in winter / more snow / stored as snow and / or ice in mountains;
6. [1] Less rainfall means less water in rivers (e.g. so more difficult to generate electricity);
7. [1] Rainfall not evenly spread throughout Pakistan (e.g. rainfall is unpredictable);
8. [1] Very high temperatures – lead to evapotranspiration, less water available;
9. [1] Very low temperatures – lead to freezing, less water available.
10. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses).
11. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
12. [1] World uses more (41%) coal than Pakistan (1%);
13. [1] Pakistan (37%) uses more oil than the world (5%);
14. [1] Pakistan (28%) uses more (20%) gas than the world;
15. [1] World (13%) uses more nuclear than Pakistan (3%).
16. [1] Expensive to build or develop own renewable energy / limited funding available;
17. [1] Limited education / skills / know how to develop these technologies;
18. [1] Want to use up coal / gas reserves first / cheaper to use coal / gas;
19. [1] Reliant on other countries to help develop renewable sources;
20. [1] Demand of growing population difficult to meet / not enough electricity can be produced;
21. [1] Areas suitable for large scale production are distant from centres of population;
22. [1] Solar panels can be located anywhere / portable;
23. [1] Do not need to be connected to the national power gird;
24. [1] Energy can be produced on site / in-situ / does not have to be transported through cables;
25. [1] Easy to set up small scale scheme / independent schemes / every house will have their own solar panel;
26. [1] Limitless / will not run out;
27. [1] Sketch of a wind turbine, labels can include:
28. [1] Generator
29. [1] Rotor Blades / fans
30. [1] Tower / pole
31. [1] Gear box
32. [1] Transformer
33. [1] Cables
34. [1] Advantages: Wind is renewable / does not run out;
35. [1] Advantages: Does not pollute the atmosphere or water or environmentally friendly (clean or green);
36. [1] Advantages: Plenty of wind available in Pakistan;
37. [1] Advantages: Wind is free / cheap to run;
38. [1] Advantages: Can be deployed locally / remotely;
39. [1] Advantages: Wind turbines improve electricity supply in rural areas;
40. [1] Advantages: Wind farms attract tourists;
41. [1] Advantages: Wind turbines vary in size depending on requirements;
42. [1] Advantages: Wind energy can be generated at night unlike solar;
43. [1] Disadvantages: Expensive to build;
44. [1] Disadvantages: Wind is not constantly blowing / variable wind speed;
45. [1] Disadvantages: Stop working during storms;
46. [1] Disadvantages: Many turbines are needed to generate enough power for a town or city / low output individually;
47. [1] Disadvantages: Need a large area to construct wind farm / can take land which could be used for agriculture;
48. [1] Disadvantages: Can kill birds;
49. [1] Disadvantages: Perceived as an eyesore;
50. [1] Disadvantages: Noise pollution;
51. [1] Disadvantages: Interfere with radio / TV signals;
52. [1] Disadvantages: Limited sites where wind is reliable;
53. No valid response [0]
54. Level 1 [1-2]: Simple point addressing any view (1) / Simple points addressing any view (2)
55. Level 2 [3-4]: Developed point(s) explaining one view (3) / Developed point(s) explaining both views (4) / No evaluation
56. Level 3 [5-6]: Developed points explaining both views / Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5) / Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)
57. Content Guide (More sustainable because):
58. [~] Boosts economy;
59. [~] Can bridge the gap with energy shortages / deficiencies in oil and gas;
60. [~] Can be used near the coast to provide energy to nearby industries;
61. [~] Assists development;
62. [~] Provides jobs;
63. [~] A small quantity of uranium can generate a large amount of energy;
64. [~] Less than half kg of uranium contains 3 million more times energy than the same weight of coal;
65. [~] The chances of accidents in nuclear power stations is low / there have been fewer accidents in nuclear power stations than any other kind of power station;
66. [~] Nuclear power can help speed up the process of industrialisation;
67. [~] Nuclear power contributes less to the greenhouse effect and acid rain compared to fossil fuels;
68. Content Guide (Less sustainable because):
69. [~] Expensive to build so may have to borrow money or seek investment from other countries / economic burden;
70. [~] Will take up valuable land space needed for more important development projects / or example;
71. [~] Renewable energy schemes such as solar energy / wind power are more appropriate;
72. [~] Have many coal reserves that can still be exploited;
73. [~] Only provides jobs in the short term whilst building them;
74. [~] Probably built in other countries so negative multiplier effect;
75. [~] Fuel rods in reactors produce dangerous rays which are cancer causing;
76. [~] Nuclear waste remains radioactive for many years;
77. [~] Finding suitable locations for storing radioactive waste is a problem;