O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · Oct/Nov 2017 · Q225 Marks

Study Fig. 2, which is a flow diagram of the cement industry. [Figure 2.0] On Fig. 2, insert the name of a raw material used to make cement in the space provided.

(a)(i)Study Fig. 2, which is a flow diagram of the cement industry. [Figure 2.0] On Fig. 2, insert the name of a raw material used to make cement in the space provided.[1]
(a)(ii)Give one example of primary, secondary and tertiary employment in the cement industry. Primary Secondary Tertiary[3]
(a)(iii)The cement industry is an example of a formal industry. State three characteristics of employment in the formal sector of industry. 1 2 3[3]
(b)(i)Name two fuels which are imported in large quantities by Pakistan. 1 2[2]
(b)(ii)Explain the disadvantages to Pakistan of importing large amounts of natural resources. You should develop your answer.[4]
(c)(i)Study Fig. 3, a map which shows the distribution of population in southern Pakistan. [Figure 3.0] On the map name the following: City A; City B.[2]
(c)(ii)Name one area of low population density shown on Fig. 3.[1]
(c)(iii)Describe three human factors that cause some areas to have a low population density. 1 2 3[3]
(d)There are many influences on industrial growth at the national level in Pakistan. Read the following two views: A Government projects, policies and support have the greatest influence on the growth of industries. B Energy shortages, the security situation and natural disasters have the greatest influence on the growth of industries. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] In space LHS of diagram: limestone / gypsum (calcium sulphate) / clay / shale / chalk
[3] Primary – job related to mining raw materials (coal, limestone, gypsum) / mine / quarrymen;
Secondary - job related to manufacturing product, packing / bagging product / factory worker;
Tertiary - job related to lorry driving / sales / advertising / cleaning / maintenance.
[3] ∞ Employed / not self-employed / registered with government / legal;
∞ Trained / skilled workforce;
∞ Uniform / dress code;
∞ Improved working conditions / named example – pension;
∞ Regular working hours / fixed working hours;
∞ Fixed / regular / higher wages;
∞ More likely to use machines / equipment / not labour intensive;
∞ Purpose-built office / factory;
∞ Less likely to be female / child labour.
[2] ∞ [Crude / refined] oil / petroleum;
∞ Coal [briquettes].
[4] ∞ Discourages development of Pakistan's own natural resources sector / renewable energy sector (creating fewer job opportunities) (preventing growth of national economy);
∞ Dependent on other countries (which might restrict imports due to trade embargoes / worsening political relations / political instability);
∞ Dependent on trade in basic commodities (therefore vulnerable to changes / fluctuations in world supply / market prices);
∞ Limited international transport links for importing minerals (e.g. few road border crossings with Afghanistan / Iran / China / India) (e.g. Karachi Port too congested) (e.g. Gwadar Port not fully developed);
∞ Air / water pollution from international transport (e.g. oil spillage at Karachi beach).
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses).
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
[2] A = Quetta B = Hyderabad
[1] EITHER Balochistan / Tharparkar / Thar Desert / Kharan Desert / Zhob Desert / Cholistan Desert / Chagi Desert / Makran Desert; OR a named district in Balochistan: Awaran / Barkhan / Bolan / Chagi / Dera Bugti / Gwadar / JhalMagsi / Kachi / Kalat / Kech / Kharan / Khuzdar / Kohla / Lasbela / Loralai / Mastung / Musa Khel Bazar / Nushki / Panjgur / Piskin / Sherani / Qila A Saifullah / Sibi / Wazuk / Ziarat / Zhob; OR a named mountain range: Suleiman Range / Chaghi Range / Central Brahui Range / Toba Kakar Range / Makran Range / Kharan Range / Pab Range / Kirthan Range.
[3] ∞ Few / poor / little trade / transport routes / named transport infrastructure;
∞ Lack of education / healthcare;
∞ Lack of job opportunities / unemployment;
∞ Poor / lack of named infrastructure other than transport, e.g. electricity / water supply / sewerage;
∞ Poor / lack of access to food / essential supplies;
∞ Unrest / security issues;
∞ Nomadic lifestyle;
∞ Barren area / deforestation / soil erosion.
[6] Levels marking
No valid response (0 marks)
Level 1 (1-2 marks) Simple point addressing any view (1) Simple points addressing any view (2)
Level 2 (3-4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining one view (3) Developed point(s) explaining both views (4) No evaluation
Level 3 (5-6 marks) Well-developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5) Well-developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)
Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: View A For ∞ Industrial policy / taxation; ∞ Investment; ∞ Infrastructure / power projects; ∞ Training in skills / examples of; ∞ Services to industries. Against ∞ Mismanagement; ∞ Inconsistency of government policy / changes of government; ∞ Delay in / cancellation of government projects. View B For ∞ Shortage of electricity generation and problems with supply; ∞ Natural disasters divert national funds away from industry; ∞ Security issues / unrest. Against ∞ Destruction / damage can stimulate construction industry; ∞ Cost of building earthquake-proof buildings is high; ∞ Cost of emergency shelters during floods; ∞ Cost of security. ETC.