Describe the U-2 incident.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] it happened in 1960 at the height of the Cold War
2. [1] it was a spy flight over USSR
3. [1] this particular U-2 plane was flown from the US base at Peshawar/in Pakistan
4. [1] the pilot Gary Powers was shot down and imprisoned
5. [1] the USSR was angry with Pakistan, threatening military action and the relationship between the two countries deteriorated
6. [1] the USA could no longer use the airbase unless destination of the aircraft was known
7. [1] Zia-ul-Haq wanted a strong and stable government with Islamic values
8. [1] he wanted to punish people for showing disrespect towards the Holy Prophet (pbuh)
9. [1] he wanted an Islamic education to raise Islamic awareness amongst students
10. [1] he also wanted to distribute some wealth to the poor through tax
11. [1] he felt that previously little attention had been paid to Islamic laws
12. [1] (May agree) Pakistan joined the United Nations to draw their attention to Kashmir
13. [1] (May agree) the UN ordered a plebiscite to be held for all Kashmiris in 1948
14. [1] (May agree) a ceasefire was arranged in 1949 and a ceasefire line was agreed (now called the Line of Control (LoC))
15. [1] (May agree) the ceasefire line (Line of Control (LoC)) has been supervised by the UN since 1949
16. [1] (Counter-argument) the Kashmir issue remained unresolved despite its referral
17. [1] (Counter-argument) the plebiscite was never enforced
18. [1] (Counter-argument) there have been further conflicts between Pakistan and India over the Kashmir issue
19. [1] (Counter-argument) there have been disputes over the ceasefire line (Line of Control (LoC))
20. [1] (Other important issues) Quaid-i-Azam Relief Fund created to help refugees
21. [1] (Other important issues) in July 1948 the new State Bank of Pakistan was set up
22. [1] (Other important issues) the new Pakistan Civil Service took control of the assets due to them
23. [1] (Other important issues) the Canal Water Dispute was temporarily agreed in 1948, and resolved in 1959