What happened on Direct Action Day?

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2017). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) Muslim League called for this to take place on 16th August 1946 as an attempt to stop the British giving in to Congress
2. [1] (a) Jinnah asked for peaceful protest to show Muslim solidarity and the strength of feeling against the British and Congress
3. [1] (a) Serious rioting with thousands of deaths, especially in Calcutta.
4. [7] (b) Timetable: Gandhi wanted to achieve independence first then partition discussions could follow whereas Jinnah wanted to settle the issue of partition first. He knew that his bargaining position would be weaker if he went along with Gandhi's plan.
5. [7] (b) Audience/support: Gandhi insisted that he spoke for all Indians and could not accept the position of Muslims as being a separate nation and so wanted independence for all Indians as a united nation. Jinnah was opposed to this.
6. [7] (b) Tensions: Jinnah was at odds with Gandhi and declared that he only spoke for Hindus, so would accept the idea of partition. He believed that Gandhi did not accept the two-nation idea of partition.
7. [7] (b) Role of government: Gandhi also wanted the central government to have control of key areas such as defence and foreign policy, whereas Jinnah wanted these issues to be dealt with locally by the provinces.
8. [14] (c) Effective: Pakistan supported the Palestinian cause.
9. [14] (c) Effective: Contributed to a number of UN peacekeeping forces throughout the world.
10. [14] (c) Effective: Pakistan became influential by raising the Kashmir question on several occasions and also became the spokesperson for many Asian states who had not gained independence during the 1950s.
11. [14] (c) Effective: Its membership of CENTO was treated enthusiastically because many fellow members were Muslim countries.
12. [14] (c) Effective: OIC provided interest free loans and grants and membership reinforced the image of Pakistan as one of the world's leading Muslim nations.
13. [14] (c) Effective: As a member of the Commonwealth Pakistan supported Britain with a workforce (depleted by World War 2), this brought the benefit of remittances.
14. [14] (c) Less effective: The Kashmir question is on-going.
15. [14] (c) Less effective: Membership of SEATO did not secure aid for Pakistan, support in its difficulties with India or during the East Pakistan break away. As a result, Pakistan left in 1972.
16. [14] (c) Less effective: CENTO dissolved in 1979 after failing to develop a permanent structure.
17. [14] (c) Less effective: Pakistan left the Commonwealth in 1971 when Britain recognised Bangladesh.
18. [14] (c) Judgement/evaluation: For Level 5, an evaluative conclusion on 'how effective' Pakistan was, weighing successes against limitations.