Study Fig. 6 which is a graph showing the production of raw cotton in Pakistan over the period 1982–2014. [Figure 6]. Study Fig. 7 which is a table giving information about agriculture in Pakistan over the period 1950-2010. [Figure 7].

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [4] (a)(i) Labour (people) – picking / ploughing / sowing, etc. / mainly women / paid at low rate
2. [4] (a)(i) Machinery / appropriate example of machinery (e.g. tractors) – picking / quick process
3. [4] (a)(i) Pesticides / insecticides – prevent disease and damage to the crop
4. [4] (a)(i) Fertilisers - larger size of cotton boll / for high yields
5. [4] (a)(i) Irrigation - 1 month and 3 months after sowing / when rainfall is lacking
6. [4] (a)(i) HYVs – Nayyab / 78 / B-557 / 149-F / resistance to leaf-curl virus / humidity tolerant / less sensitive to temperature
7. [4] (a)(i) Capital / investment / finance – purchase machinery, seeds, fertiliser, pay labour
8. [4] (a)(i) Government loans / subsidies – purchase of machinery, seeds, fertiliser
9. [4] (a)(i) Knowledge - shape of the land, soil type, aspect, weather patterns
10. [4] (a)(i) Traditions - farming methods handed down over generations
11. Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark for a named input + mark for detail)
12. [3] (a)(ii) A Overall increase
13. [3] (a)(ii) A Overall fluctuation
14. [3] (a)(ii) A Significant rises: 82/83 to 91/92 / 94 to 04
15. [3] (a)(ii) A Significant falls: 91/92 to 94/95 / 04 to 07/10
16. Maximum of 1 mark for use of data
17. [3] (a)(ii) B Ample / plenty of / no shortage of rainfall / irrigation
18. [3] (a)(ii) B No / little rain at harvest, no flooding
19. [3] (a)(ii) B No / little frost / mild night temperatures
20. [3] (a)(ii) B No / few insect attacks / diseases
21. [3] (a)(ii) B Greater use of fertilisers, HYVs
22. [3] (a)(ii) B Greater use of insecticides and pesticides
23. [3] (a)(ii) B Government incentives / policies e.g. need to produce more food, increased availability of loans
24. [4] (b) Providing / maintaining large irrigation schemes / dams / canals
25. [4] (b) Providing solutions for waterlogging and salinity, (such as SCARP, tubewell linings, etc.)
26. [4] (b) Developing HYV seeds (on government farms / collaboration with MNCs)
27. [4] (b) Plant protection programme / aerial spraying / advising on pesticides and treatment methods
28. [4] (b) Offering loans (for machinery / tubewells / fertilisers / pesticides / seeds / labour costs)
29. [4] (b) Veterinary care
30. [4] (b) Livestock research (on government farms)
31. [4] (b) Redress after flood / natural disaster
32. [4] (b) Land reform
33. [4] (b) Educating / training farmers (on use of HYVs / modern farming methods / sustainable methods / organic farming)
34. Further development / increased production of fertiliser industries
35. Providing weather forecasts
36. [2] (c)(i) As labour force decreases, area increases / negative correlation / inverse relationship - 1 mark
37. [2] (c)(i) Use any four statistics to illustrate above statement, e.g. 'Labour was 66% whereas area was 13 ha then later when labour was 45% the area was 23 ha' - 1 mark
38. [3] (c)(ii) Labour force: Mechanisation of farms
39. [3] (c)(ii) Labour force: Rural to urban migration
40. [3] (c)(ii) Labour force: Alternative work / occupations / factory work / informal sector work in urban areas
41. [3] (c)(ii) Labour force: Higher paid work in urban area
42. [3] (c)(ii) Labour force: Education and learning more / wider skills
43. [3] (c)(ii) Cropped area mark force and cropped area. -2011.rs.gs on expensive imports of fuels.
44. [3] (c)(ii) Cropped area: Reclamation of desert
45. [3] (c)(ii) Cropped area: More areas irrigated
46. [3] (c)(ii) Cropped area: Deforestation
47. [3] (c)(ii) Cropped area: Soil improved by fertilisers
48. [3] (c)(ii) Cropped area: Greater demand for food crops / commercial crops
49. L3 5-6 marks: 6- Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate example
50. L3 5- Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view
51. L2 3-4 marks: 4 Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation
52. L2 3- Developed point(s) explaining one view
53. L1 1-2 marks: 2- Simple point(s) addressing both views
54. L1 1- Simple point(s) addressing one view
55. 0 No valid response
56. Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)
57. Cash crops For: Income (balance of payments / trade deficit / debt / imports greater than exports)
58. Cash crops For: Can bring high profits
59. Cash crops For: Benefits from government incentives (e.g. support prices / development of new seeds)
60. Cash crops For: Access to loans for modern / expensive inputs (e.g. fertilisers / pesticides / machinery / HYVs)
61. Cash crops For: Examples: wheat, rice, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, oilseeds
62. Cash crops For: Economies of scale on large holdings / single crops
63. Cash crops Against: Many farmers cannot afford cost of modern agricultural methods in cash crop farming
64. Cash crops Against: Cash crops are monocultures (vulnerable to disease / uses chemical inputs such as fertilisers / pesticides which can pollute water)
65. Food crops For: Population growing rapidly (1.6% per annum)
66. Food crops For: Increasing demand for food
67. Food crops For: Fertile land becoming scarce (due to waterlogging and salinity / desertification / soil erosion / over cultivation)
68. Food crops For: Saves expensive imports of food / reduces import bill
69. Food crops For: Can be grown on subsistence farms / at low cost (using traditional methods / implements / family labour / small holdings)
70. Food crops For: Examples: rice, millet / bajra, sorghum / jowar, maize, fruit, vegetables
71. Food crops Against: Farmers growing only food crops / subsistence farmers do not make enough income / profit to invest in improving their farms for more output
72. Food crops Against: Development may progress at a slow rate if subsistence farming increases – people will be occupied in providing food and not working in other sectors
73. Food crops Against: Not all families may have access to fertile land
74. Food crops Against: May not have the skills to grow own food
75. Food crops Against: If adverse weather conditions affect many farms – could result in famine – if Pakistan imports food the population can still be fed