O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · Oct/Nov 2016 · Q325 Marks

Study Fig. 4 which is a diagram of a coal mine. [Figure 4]. Read the following article: Energy crisis (Industrial growth in Pakistan relies on the availability of energy. Pakistan does not produce enough energy for its needs and therefore spends a lot of its earnings on expensive imports of fuels.)

(a)(i)Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in any two of the spaces provided. adit cage shaft open-cast seam tunnel[2]
(a)(ii)Suggest two reasons for using this type of mine and one disadvantage of using it.[3]
(a)(iii)What type of coal is imported by Pakistan and how is it used?[2]
(b)Explain what the fuel CNG is and state the main reasons for using this fuel.[4]
(c)(i)What is meant by the term 'non-renewable fuel'?[2]
(c)(ii)Which fuel use has increased by the largest amount between 2006 and 2011?[1]
(c)(iii)Use information from the graph to describe one main difference between the change in gas used for electricity production and the change in oil used for electricity production.[2]
(c)(iv)Explain why so little coal is used for electricity production in Pakistan.[3]
(d)Describe briefly different measures that can be taken to solve the country's energy crisis. To what extent can these measures be successful?[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2016). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[2] (i) Any two of (left to right): cage, tunnel, shaft, seam, shaft, (type of mine)
[3] (ii) Reasons - 2 marks
[3] (ii) To access seams deep below surface
[3] (ii) To access seams of different depths
[3] (ii) Can exploit further along the seams
[3] (ii) Where seam does not appear at / near surface / hillside
[3] (ii) Disadvantage - 1 mark
[3] (ii) More expensive
[3] (ii) Greater risk of accident / flooding / gas build-up – credit all reasonable ways that accidents can happen
[3] (ii) Dependent on [power for] lift to the surface
[2] (iii) Type: Anthracite / bituminous – 1 mark
[2] (iii) Use: Steel industry / heavy engineering / smelting – 1 mark
[4] (b) Definition - Reserve 1 mark
[4] (b) Compressed natural gas
[4] (b) Gas compressed to 1% volume it has at normal pressure
[4] (b) Methane under high pressure
[4] (b) Reasons - Reserve 1 mark
[4] (b) Used (instead of petrol / diesel) in transport / vehicles
[4] (b) Especially buses / rickshaws
[4] (b) (Compared to petrol / diesel) cheaper, cleaner / reduces air pollution, safer
[4] (b) Can be stored / transported in cylinders
[2] (i) An energy source that depletes / runs out / is not being replaced / has fixed reserves / is finite - 1 mark
[2] (i) With any one example e.g. fossil fuels, wood, coal, oil – 1 mark
[1] (ii) Oil
[2] (iii) Gas overall decrease: oil overall (throughout / 2006–2011 / over the years) increase
[2] (iii) Gas from 36 to 27–28 TWh / by 8–9 TWh: oil from 27-28 to 33–34 TWh / by 6–7 TWh
[2] (iii) Reserve 1 mark for use of data with unit (TWh)
[3] (iv) Coal mined in Pakistan is unsuitable
[3] (iv) Lignite, sub-bituminous to peat
[3] (iv) Contains impurities / sulfur
[3] (iv) Low heat producing, low carbon content, large amount of ash, does not give out much energy
[3] (iv) Coal reserves not exploited due to shortage of funds / technical skills
[3] (iv) Not imported (because expensive)
[3] (iv) Difficult / expensive to transport around country because bulky
[3] (iv) International agreements / pressure to use less coal since is a dirty fuel / causes high emissions of smoke / CO2
L3 5-6 marks: 6 Developed points addressing measures taken and the extent of their success with evaluation
L3 5 Developed points addressing measures taken and the extent of their success
L2 3-4 marks: 4 Two developed point(s) addressing any measure
L2 3 Developed point addressing any measure
L1 1-2 marks: 2 Two simple point(s) addressing any measure
L1 1 Simple point addressing any measure
0 No valid response
Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)
Measures: Moving away from non-renewable / large-scale schemes to renewable / small-scale schemes
Measures: E.g. wind, solar, biogas (details / examples)
Measures: Investment in large-scale power stations
Measures: E.g. nuclear, wind, solar, HEP, gas, coal gas (details / examples)
Measures: Energy saving in workplaces / homes
Measures: Public / media awareness about not wasting energy resources
Evaluation (depends on measures) Successful: Small-scale schemes can be maintained locally / in rural areas
Evaluation (depends on measures) Successful: Given sufficient government / private / foreign investment
Evaluation (depends on measures) Successful: Wind - large empty areas of uplands / Makran coast
Evaluation (depends on measures) Successful: Solar - lack of cloud (250–300 sunny days per year)
Evaluation (depends on measures) Successful: Biogas - large agricultural sector producing manure / plant waste
Evaluation (depends on measures) Unsuccessful: Opposition to new technology / power stations
Evaluation (depends on measures) Unsuccessful: High cost (leading to domestic / foreign debt)
Evaluation (depends on measures) Unsuccessful: Changes of government priorities (large projects may be delayed / cancelled)
Evaluation (depends on measures) Unsuccessful: Limited skills / expertise (in using advanced technology)
Evaluation (depends on measures) Unsuccessful: Other issues considered higher priority than saving energy (e.g. escaping poverty / increasing levels of education / health)
Evaluation (depends on measures) Unsuccessful: Hydro in north – far from the major centres of population, transport costs
Evaluation (depends on measures) Unsuccessful: Green energy is less reliable