Study Fig. 1, a map showing the major rivers of Pakistan. [Figure 1.0] Study Photographs A and B (Insert), which show typical scenes of deforestation. Pakistan is rapidly losing its trees. Over the period 2000–2007 the country's forests decreased at a rate of 2.2% per year, the ninth highest rate among the world's nations.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2015). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [2] Sewage discharged into rivers
2. [2] Domestic waste thrown in rivers
3. [2] Pesticides/fertilisers runoff from agricultural fields in groundwater/rivers/eutrophication
4. [2] Industrial waste/chemicals/toxic waste/metals/ waste from ships discharged into rivers
5. [2] Leakage of oil from ships
6. [0] 'Sea'/'ocean' = 0
7. [2] Investment in sewerage systems/ infrastructure/treatment of sewage
8. [2] Improve sanitation facilities in poor quality housing/slums/squatter settlements /katchi abadis
9. [2] Improve/more regular domestic refuse collection
10. [2] Treatment of/improving disposal of industrial waste
11. [2] Open up roads into squatter settlements to allow refuse lorries
12. [2] Alternatives to chemical fertilisers/pesticides 'Reduce' = 0
13. [2] Organic farming
14. [2] Fines for industrial polluters
15. [2] More investment by industries to prevent pollution incidents
16. [2] Maintenance of ship/checking for leaks in ship
17. [max 1] If not clearly linked to candidate answer/different answer to (i) then max 1
18. [1 + 1 mark] W On R. Kabul between confluence with R.Swat and Afghan border RED OVERLAY SHOWS TOLERANCE
19. [1 + 1 mark] D On R. Indus GREEN OVERLAY SHOWS TOLERANCE
20. [1 + 1 mark] Credit any indication of correct location on map within tolerated regions
21. [4] HEP
22. [4] Electrification of/supplies electricity to the region/for local industries
23. [4] Only floods agriculturally barren land/small amount agricultural land flooded
24. [4] Will extend life of Tarbela Dam
25. [4] Controls/reduces/prevents flooding [downstream]
26. [4] For irrigation
27. [4] Drinking water/water supply for industries
28. [4] New transport infrastructure/development in region
29. [4] Possibility of tourism/watersports
30. [4] Possibility of freshwater fishing
31. [4] Provides employment in named sector /for local people
32. [0] Location factor e.g. narrow/steep-sided valley/high speed of water/high precipitation/large amount of meltwater from glaciers ‘Flow' = 0
33. [4] One province receives greater share of water/unequal division of water
34. [4] Dam in Punjab/one province but much of flooded area in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/another province
35. [4] Loss of water supply downstream/to Sindh for agriculture
36. [4] Risk of flooding downstream by release of water/opening dam
37. [4] Less silt deposited on floodplains of lower course/lower Indus
38. [4] Evaporation of lower course/lower Indus
39. [4] [Indus] delta/coastal area [of Sindh] less fresh water/water more saline
40. [4] Disturbance to ecosystem/mangrove forests/fishing
41. [4] NB: not limited to Kalabagh case study
42. [0] 'Loss of land'/'evacuation' = 0
43. [1] Construction/buildings
44. [1] Furniture
45. [1] Sports goods
46. [1] Chipboard/hardboard/plywood
47. [1] Paper
48. [1] Boxes
49. [1] Matches
50. [1] Fuel/firewood/charcoal
51. [1] Veneer
52. USE LIST RULE
53. [4] Soil washed into rivers
54. [4] Siltation of rivers
55. [4] Soil blown away
56. [4] Increased surface run off / risk of flooding
57. [4] Loss of forest habitat/mangroves/ecosystem
58. [4] Loss of species/extinction
59. [4] Air pollution from burning
60. [4] Less take up of CO2 / increase in global warming/climate change
61. [4] Soil eroded / coarse layers of soil/bare rock/infertile soil left behind / gullying / landslides
62. [4] Less transpiration/rainfall
63. [4] Decrease in humus formation
64. [4] Loss of scenic beauty/visual pollution
65. [6] Levels marked
66. [6] Level 3 (5-6 marks) Developed points explaining both views (possible and not possible). Evaluation giving clear support to one view, with developed points describing actions (5), and with at least one reference to an appropriate example (6)
67. [6] Level 2 (3-4 marks) Developed point explaining one view or describing actions (3), developed points explaining both views (or either view) or explaining one view and describing actions or describing actions only (4). No evaluation.
68. [6] Level 1 (1-2 marks) Simple point addressing one view or describing actions (1), simple points addressing both views or one view and describing actions or describing actions only (2).
69. [6] Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)
70. [6] Actions
71. [6] Government protection of forest areas/national parks/reserves
72. [6] Sustainable forestry (selective cutting/helilogging/horse logging)
73. [6] Planting trees/afforestation/reafforestation (of fast growing trees/replacement forests planted where areas cleared for housing/industry/roads)
74. [6] Plantation (of commercial/irrigated forests/forests for firewood/planting on roadsides and open spaces/fruit/nut trees)
75. [6] Improve distribution of alternative fuel sources to avoid need for fuelwood (e.g. natural gas/CNG to mountainous or remote areas)
76. [6] Government action on illegal logging
77. [6] Restrict logging (quotas/licences)
78. [6] Education/awareness programmes
79. [6] Possible/greater extent
80. [6] Successful afforestation projects (of badlands in catchment areas) (Tarbela/Mangla Watershed Project) (Rachna Doab Afforestation Project) (Baltistan 1995 onwards afforestation programme by Agha Khan Rural Support Programme – 830000 trees planted)
81. [6] Named forest reserves/national parks/plantations
82. [6] Awareness programmes about value of forests (run by NGOs)
83. [6] Not possible/lesser extent
84. [6] High cost
85. [6] Projects difficult to manage (in remote/mountainous areas)
86. [6] Security issues (in FATA/border areas)
87. [6] Growing population/demand for timber/firewood/land (for housing, industry, agriculture, roads)
88. [6] Government priorities