O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · Oct/Nov 2014 · Q525 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 5, a map showing air routes in Pakistan. [Figure 5]

(a)(i)Name the destination of the air routes from Karachi R, S and T. R S T[3]
(a)(ii)Describe the pattern of air routes from Islamabad.[3]
(b)Explain the benefits of air transport to the people and the local economy of the northern mountains of Pakistan. People Local economy[6]
(c)(i)What is meant by the term 'cottage industry'?[1]
(c)(ii)State and explain three advantages of establishing cottage industries in a rural area. Advantage 1 Explanation Advantage 2 Explanation Advantage 3 Explanation[6]
(d)To what extent can small scale and cottage industries be sustainable? Explain your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] R Gwadar
[1] S Peshawar
[1] T Lahore
[1] In most directions / widely spread
[1] More / many to the south
[1] Longer routes to the southwest
[1] Fewer / a few to the north
[1] Shorter routes to the north
[1] None to the coast
[1] (People) Allows movement where lack of / inaccessible by roads / railways / roads blocked by snow
[1] (People) Faster means of travel
[1] (People) Enables faster relief after earthquakes / landslides
[1] (People) Access to hospitals in medical emergencies / transport of medicines
[1] (People) Supply of imported food items
[1] (People) Employment e.g. air hostess / pilot / airport staff / hotel staff / waiter / guide
[1] (Local economy) Good for transport of perishable goods
[1] (Local economy) Good for transport of valuable / light goods
[1] (Local economy) Promotes trade
[1] (Local economy) Promotes cottage / small-scale industry
[1] (Local economy) Brings income / foreign exchange / currency from tourism
[1] Production of saleable goods / industry / valid named industry in own home
[1] (Advantage) Employment / self-employment
[1] (Explanation) Ability to support family; Reduces rural-urban migration of otherwise unemployed
[1] (Advantage) Employment of women / whole families
[1] (Explanation) Promotes independence / equality of women; Raises standard of living / quality of life; Boosts national economy / GDP / BOP
[1] (Advantage) Income / export earnings
[1] (Explanation) Puts money in local economy; Raises standard of living / quality of life; Boosts national economy / GDP / BOP
[1] (Advantage) Meets demands of local market
[1] (Explanation) Promotes self-reliance of area; Saves expensive imports / extra transport costs
[1] (Advantage) Raw materials available locally / cheaply
[1] (Explanation) Saves expensive imports / extra transport costs; Low set-up costs
[1] (Advantage) Low technology
[1] (Explanation) Suitable for poorer people; Low set-up costs
[1] (Possibilities) Can be done in the home (so low set up costs)
[1] (Possibilities) Local raw materials / re-used waste materials (therefore cheap / less need to borrow money)
[1] (Possibilities) Simple technology (so less need for electricity / power supply)
[1] (Possibilities) Small scale causing less damage to environment
[1] (Possibilities) Traditional skills / does not demand education (people can support themselves when other work not available / possible)
[1] (Possibilities) Government support / schemes / loans
[1] (Possibilities) Use of machinery
[1] (Possibilities) Use of electricity (allowing work after dark)
[1] (Possibilities) Provision of other named infrastructure
[1] (Possibilities) Training / education
[1] (Problems) Small output / low earnings
[1] (Problems) Low profits (therefore difficult to escape poverty)
[1] (Problems) Need for 'middle man' which reduces profits
[1] (Problems) Poor quality products (so lack of demand / low value)
[1] (Problems) Use of child labour (restricting markets / sales)
[1] (Problems) Lack of education / telecommunications (which limits marketing skills / limit marketing ability)