(a) Study Fig. 1 which shows a map of Pakistan. [Figure 1] Name:

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2014). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] E Indus
2. [1] F Jhelum
3. [1] G Ravi
4. [1] H Tarbela
5. [1] J Mangla
6. [1] (A definition) Diverts / transfers / moves water from / links barrages / syphons to rivers / canals; Diverts / transfers / moves water from / links [western] rivers to other [eastern] rivers / canals; Diverts / transfers / moves water between / links rivers / river and canal
7. [1] (B definition) Supplies water throughout the year; Supplied from dams / barrages
8. [1] (C definition) Supplies water in the rainy season; Taken from rivers / when rivers high / flood
9. [1] Ensures that India does not restrict Pakistan's water supply / water supply in Pakistan is maintained
10. [1] Ensures an effective / dependable irrigation system in the Indus Plain
11. [1] Pakistan has exclusive rights to waters of the rivers Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab
12. [1] Maintains agricultural production
13. [1] Tarbela and Mangla dams built [to store water]
14. [1] Barrages / syphons / link canals built [to distribute water]
15. [1] Enabled construction cost of works to be shared with Western countries and India
16. [1] Coniferous / alpine / montane
17. [1] Sale of timber
18. [1] For fuel / heating
19. [1] Cleared for: Farming
20. [1] Mining / mineral exploration
21. [1] Setting up industries / factories
22. [1] Housing / urbanisation / resorts / hotels
23. [1] Roads / other named infrastructure
24. [1] Soil erosion because no roots to hold soil / soil exposed / no interception
25. [1] Soil becomes infertile / loses nutrients because of leaching / top layer of soil eroded / no humus formation from leaves
26. [1] Soil becomes unfit for agriculture
27. [1] Siltation in reservoirs because soil [exposed and] washed into rivers
28. [1] Siltation in reservoirs leads to reduction in capacity of reservoirs / dams become silted up / reduces HEP production
29. [1] Siltation in reservoirs leads to reduction in capacity of canals / irrigation / water supply
30. [1] Flooding because increased surface runoff / less interception
31. [1] Flooding leads to destruction of buildings / infrastructure / farmland
32. [1] Landslides / avalanches because slopes / rocks / snow not held by trees
33. [1] Landslides / avalanches lead to blocked roads / buildings destroyed
34. [1] Loss of scenery / beauty / shade leads to decrease in tourism
35. [1] Loss of habitat so species lost / extinctions / animals move away / disturbed
36. [1] Air pollution from burning
37. [1] Decrease in rainfall due to less transpiration
38. [1] Fewer trees to take up of CO2 and effect on global warming / climate change
39. [1] (Possibilities) Legislation / action on illegal logging / fines / penalties
40. [1] (Possibilities) Government protection of forest areas / national parks / reserves
41. [1] (Possibilities) Restrict logging / quotas / licences / selective cutting
42. [1] (Possibilities) Education / public awareness campaigns
43. [1] (Possibilities) Use of alternative fuel / natural gas instead of burning wood
44. [1] (Possibilities) Planting trees / named afforestation / re-afforestation projects / irrigated / commercial plantations / plantations for firewood
45. [1] (Possibilities) Providing alternative grazing areas
46. [1] (Possibilities) Action against pollution [which affects mangroves]
47. [1] (Problems) Cost / lack of finance
48. [1] (Problems) Security issues
49. [1] (Problems) Lack of government will / government priorities
50. [1] (Problems) Demand for timber / firewood / wood for construction / named products
51. [1] (Problems) Land needed for housing / industry / agriculture / roads
52. [1] (Problems) Very long term project