O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of Pakistan2059/20 · Oct/Nov 2013 · Q125 Marks

The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 1, Photograph B for Question 2, Photograph C for Questions 3 and 4, Photographs D and E for Question 4 and Fig. 7 for Question 5.

(a)Study Photograph A (Insert). Name the irrigation system shown in the photograph and explain briefly how it works.[4]
(b)Study Fig. 1, a map showing the main sugar-cane growing areas. [Figure 1] Name on the map one city, town or district in each of the areas A, B and C.[3]
(c)(i)What is meant by the following terms? Subsistence crop Cash crop[2]
(c)(ii)Describe the climate and soil conditions needed for growing sugar-cane.[4]
(d)(i)Give two reasons why sugar-cane factories should be built as close as possible to the fields where sugar-cane is grown.[2]
(d)(ii)Name two by-products from sugar-cane processing and give a use of each of them.[4]
(e)Name a cash crop, other than sugar-cane, grown in Pakistan. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of increasing its cultivation.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2013). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] Name Tubewell
[1] Tube to groundwater/aquifer
[1] Water pumped up
[1] By tractor/(diesel) motor/generator
[1] Water flows into pond/reservoir/tank
[1] Distributed to fields by canals/pipes/sprinklers etc.
[1] A Peshawar/Charsadda/Nowshera
[1] B Faisalabad/Sargodha/Jhang/Kasur/Lahore/Gujranwala/Sheikupura
[1] C Badin/Sanghar/Hyderabad/Mirpur Khas
[1] subsistence crop a crop for the family to eat/use
[1] cash crop a crop that is grown to be sold/provides income/grown commercially
[1] Climate Temperature 25–35 °C/warm/hot
[1] Can tolerate short periods of frost
[1] Rainfall at least 1500 mm/over 1500 mm per year
[1] Soil(Silt) loams/(clay) loams best
[1] Retain water
[1] Allow infiltration/drainage of excess water
[1] Fertile/rich in nutrients
[1] E.g. alluvial
[1] Rich in nitrogen/phosphates/potash
[1] Loses its sugar content after harvesting
[1] Heavy/bulky to transport
[1] Saves transport cost
[1] Bagasse
[1] Paper/chipboard/baskets/animal feed/fuel
[1] Molasses
[1] Animal feed/bakers' yeast/synthetic rubber/packaging/chemical industry/ citric acid/alcohol/fuel
[1] Name Cotton, wheat, rice, tobacco, oilseeds
[1] Advantages Increased - farm income, exports, GDP, production of manufactured/processed goods/raw materials for manufacturing (max 2)
[1] Reduction in imports
[1] More jobs
[1] Disadvantages Less food crops grown
[1] High cost of machinery/HYV/irrigation/etc.
[1] Lack of land, machinery, skilled farmers, water (max 2)
[1] Greater losses if disease/storms/floods
[1] Water pollution from pesticides/fertilisers
[1] Vulnerable to competitors