O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2024 · Q425 Marks

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map of population density in southern and western Pakistan.

(a)(i)Identify the population density for the areas labelled X and Y on Fig. 4.1. X ..................................................... people per square kilometre Y ..................................................... people per square kilometre[2]
(a)(ii)Suggest two physical factors that may explain differences in population density between areas X and Y. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................[4]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 4.2, a population pyramid showing the population structure of Pakistan in 2020. Complete Fig. 4.2 using the information in the table. age group | category | percentage (%) of total population 5–9 | male | 6.0 55–59 | female | 1.5[2]
(b)(ii)Using Fig. 4.2, identify the age group for males that represents 3.9% of the total population. Circle the correct answer. 15–19 30–34 35–39 45–49[1]
(b)(iii)State three impacts of a high percentage of young dependents (people aged 0–19) in Pakistan's population structure. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................[3]
(b)(iv)Give two reasons for an increasing percentage of older dependents (people aged 60 or over) in Pakistan's population structure. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c)(i)Define 'seasonal migration'.[1]
(c)(ii)Describe four causes of population migration to urban areas in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 4 ........................................................................................................................................[4]
(d)Rural-urban migration can create problems in urban areas. To what extent have measures used to improve housing and services in urban areas solved these problems in Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] X = 0-100
[1] Y = 301-1000
[2] flat/plain land/valley floor; is easier to build large settlements/roads/large industries
[2] mountainous areas; become inaccessible in winter due to snowfall/difficult to build transport links or communications/attract tourism due to winter snow
[2] uneven/sandy/rocky terrain; is not suitable for building houses or industries/ makes costs of construction much higher
[2] fertile soils; higher yields can be produced/plentiful food supply
[2] thin soils; cannot support crop farming because only a small variety of plants will grow
[2] river nearby; attract people due to constant water supplies for households for drinking/industry/agriculture set up and offer employment opportunities
[2] arid area/low rainfall; makes it difficult for people/animals/crops to survive/drought conditions make life hard/water for drinking/industries is sparse
[2] seasonal/moderate rainfall; crops can be grown with less irrigation
[2] extreme (high/low) temperatures; few people can survive here due to heatstroke/people suffer frostbite/ restricted to indoor work
[2] moderate temperatures; make living conditions more comfortable all year round
[1] Correctly plotted bar at 6.0% male
[1] Correctly plotted bar at 1.5% female
[1] 30-34
[1] large group of (educated) people for the future workforce/larger number of taxpayers in the future
[1] can provide support for parents/older relatives
[1] higher earning potential for families/child labour increases
[1] economy will decline/fewer economically active/lower GDP/decreased national income/lower earnings/incomes/increased poverty
[1] increased class sizes/demand for school places/need for (more) schools/high(er) costs of education/increased spending on education
[1] demand for/burden/pressure on/increased spending on/need for (more) healthcare/maternity services
[1] financial pressure on families/middle aged/working age adults/the economically active to earn more/higher cost of living
[1] need for more/burden on housing
[1] increased caring responsibilities/burden on family/childcare/one parent can't work
[1] future competition for jobs/future higher unemployment /fewer job prospects in future
[1] improved/increased access to health services/facilities/hospitals/doctors/nurses
[1] treatments/medication/vaccinations/vaccines to cure/prevent diseases
[1] water supply
[1] sanitation/hygiene
[1] food supply/diet
[1] access to education/awareness of health
[1] health(ier) lifestyle/fitness/exercise
[1] health and safety/use of machinery
[1] access to pensions/benefits
[1] movement of people for a period of time/in the winter/in the summer/for several months/temporarily/with the seasons
[1] fewer jobs/jobs mainly in agriculture/mechanisation in agriculture/more job opportunities in urban areas
[1] higher pay in cities/lower pay in rural areas/poverty
[1] better access to healthcare in urban areas/ poorer access to healthcare/availability in rural areas
[1] more schools/higher education in urban areas/less access to education in rural areas
[1] for improved housing standards/access to more housing
[1] for improved sanitation/hygiene/sewers/clean water provision
[1] increased availability/range of entertainments/ shopping/ leisure facilities in urban areas/lack of entertainment in rural areas
[1] more reliable electricity/internet telecommunications/mobile network in urban areas/load shedding/unreliable electricity/internet/ telecommunications/mobile network in rural areas
[1] due natural hazards/flooding/drought/crop failure/food shortages
[1] more roads and railways in urban areas/public transport availability
[1] disputes over land disputes/eviction by landlords/lack of cultivable land/division of inherited land in rural areas
[6] Level 1: Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2)
[6] Level 2: Developed point referring to one view only (3) Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)
[6] Level 3: Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)