O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2024 · Q325 Marks

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map of sugar cane production in southern and western Pakistan.

(a)(i)Using Fig. 3.1 only: – measure the distance between Karachi and Multan. ........................................ km – state the compass direction from Karachi to Multan.[2]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of the main areas of sugar cane production in Pakistan.[3]
(a)(iii)State three natural factors which promote the growth of sugar cane. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................[3]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 3.2, a diagram of the processes involved in cotton fibre production. Complete Fig. 3.2 by placing the correct words from the box in the spaces in the diagram. cotton seed ginning harvesting livestock feed[2]
(b)(ii)Name one city in Pakistan that is important for the manufacturing of cotton yarn.[1]
(b)(iii)Explain two ways farmers can increase the amount of cotton they produce. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................[4]
(c)(i)Identify the correct definitions of waterlogging and salinity. Tick (✔) the two correct statements in the table. amount of salt in the soil | waterlogging | salinity amount of water absorbed in the soil | | saturation of the soil | | irrigation of the soil | |[2]
(c)(ii)Describe how waterlogging can be prevented by farmers in Pakistan.[2]
(d)Evaluate the importance of increasing agricultural output for the people and economy of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2024). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] 720-750 km
[1] north-east
[1] pattern is linear
[1] along/around/near the rivers/tributaries/River Indus
[1] in central Pakistan
[1] in east/south/south-east Pakistan/east of the River Indus
[1] along/near/on the coast/Arabian Sea
[1] found between 67–73°E, 23–33 °N
[1] east/south-east/north-east of Karachi
[1] south-west/west/north of Multan
[1] (cluster) around Multan/near Karachi/Multan
[1] along border with India/international boundary
[1] Temperature: 25-35 °C
[1] Temperature: warm/hot
[1] Rainfall: high/plentiful/regular
[1] Rainfall: 1100-1520 mm per year
[1] Rainfall: high humidity/humid
[1] Soil: loam/clay/alluvial/silt/fertile/with nutrients/minerals
[1] Soil: retains water
[1] Soil: well drained/good aeration
[1] Soil: pH 5-8.5
[1] Relief: (relatively) flat land/gentle slope
[1] First box: harvesting
[1] Second box: ginning
[1] Third box: cotton seed
[1] Fourth box: livestock feed
[1] Chiniot / Multan / Faisalabad / Muzaffar Garth / Gujrat / Okara / Hyderabad / Peshawar / Jhang / Rahimyar Khan / Karachi / Rawalpindi / Kotri / Sargodha/ Lahore / Tando Mohammad Khan
[2] use of named irrigation method; provides the right amount/water when it is needed
[2] use of fertilisers; to improve nutrients for growth/to produce better quality crops
[2] use of pesticides; to reduce loss of crops/for healthier crops/to increase resistance to disease
[2] use of High Yield Variety seeds (HYV)/examples of e.g. CRIS-134/Niab-846; to produce more bolls per plant /to resist leaf curl virus/for drought resistance
[2] mechanisation/named machinery e.g. tractors/harvesters; to make ploughing/sowing fast/more efficient
[2] education/training; farmers know how to maximise yield/ how to use machinery/apply chemicals
[2] terracing slopes/clearing natural vegetation/draining marshy areas/desalinisation; to increase the area for cotton production
[2] land consolidation/bring more land into production; to make machinery easier to use/for economies of scale
[1] waterlogging: saturation of the soil
[1] salinity: amount of salt in the soil
[1] lining canals (with concrete to reduce seepage/leaks)
[1] planting (eucalyptus) trees (to take up water through roots)
[1] using tubewells (to pump water out of the soil/lower the water table)
[1] closing off canals/water supply to their land
[1] dig (surface) drains/channels/ditches (to divert/channel water back to rivers/to spread water over a larger area)
[1] education/training/raise awareness about water wastage/conservation/modern irrigation methods
[1] loans/grants for farmers to buy/improve/repair/modernise irrigation methods/equipment
[6] Level 1: Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2)
[6] Level 2: Developed point referring to one view only (3) Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)
[6] Level 3: Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)