O-LevelPakistan StudiesThe environment of PakistanMay/June 2023 · Q425 Marks

Study Fig. 4.1, a diagram showing the intended destination for the main products of some of Pakistan's major industries.

(a)(i)Complete Fig. 4.1 by using arrows to match the type of industry with the correct product and its main destination. An example has been done for you.[3]
(a)(ii)State one city where each of the following industries takes place in Pakistan. sports goods iron and steel surgical instruments[3]
(a)(iii)To which sector do the types of industry named in (a)(i) belong? Circle the correct answer. primary secondary tertiary[1]
(b)(i)Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph taken inside a steel mill in Pakistan. Using Fig. 4.2 only, describe three features of the steel mill shown.[3]
(b)(ii)Study Fig. 4.3, a line graph showing changes in the percentage share of total employment by employment sector in Pakistan between 2012 and 2020. Complete Fig. 4.3 by plotting the percentage share employed in the secondary sector in 2018 and the tertiary sector in 2020 using the information below. sector year percentage (%) secondary 2018 25 tertiary 2020 38[2]
(b)(iii)Suggest reasons for the changes in the percentage share of total employment for each employment sector shown in Fig. 4.3. primary secondary tertiary[3]
(c)Explain two factors influencing the location of the iron and steel industry in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.[4]
(d)The informal sector plays an important role within many of Pakistan's major industries. To what extent does informal labour benefit the economic development of Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.[6]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] sports goods to footballs/cricket bats to export market
[1] iron and steel to metal rolls/bars/tubes/wires/sheets to domestic market
[1] surgical instruments to needles/scalpels scissors to domestic and export market
[1] sports goods – Sialkot
[1] iron and steel – Faisalabad / Gujranwala / Islamabad / Jacobabad / Karachi / Lahore / Quetta / Peshawar / Rawalpindi / Taxila
[1] surgical instruments – Sialkot/Lahore
[1] secondary
[1] large/wide building/factory
[1] high ceiling
[1] machinery/mechanised/high tech
[1] rollers
[1] metal/steel plate/steel bar(s)/steel sheet/rolled steel
[1] staircases/walkways/bridge
[1] barriers/railings
[1] windows
[1] lights/spotlights/floodlights/strip lights/electricity/power supply
[1] offices/control room (to the side)
[1] two/three storeys/floors/levels
[1] container(s)/storage box
[1] accurate completion of secondary line: 2018 – 25%
[1] accurate completion of tertiary line: 2020 – 38%
[1] (primary decline) more mechanised/mechanisation/manual work reduced; loss of agricultural land; importing more food/raw materials; rural to urban migration; low wages
[1] (secondary remains steady) lack of investment in industries; manufactured goods are imported; some new factories/mills employ few people due to machines
[1] (secondary slight increase) foreign/multi-national investment; some new manufacturing industries need workers; more educated/skilled/trained/literate population; people attracted to jobs by higher wages/better conditions
[1] (tertiary industry increased) increased high technology/ICT/research and development; increased call centre/banking/insurance jobs; more international/domestic tourism; increasing demand/growing population for more services/shops / entertainments/leisure; more disposable income to spend on services; more educated/skilled/trained/literate population; people attracted to jobs by higher wages/better conditions
[2] close to raw materials (e.g. iron ore/manganese); as raw materials are expensive/bulky to transport (dev)
[2] in areas where raw materials are accessible by mining; complex extraction requires more money/highly skilled workforce/expensive machinery (dev)
[2] site of steel mill must be flat land; this reduces construction costs/level rollers required for steel sheet production (dev)
[2] site of steel mill must have area of large/cheap land available; for future expansion/for storage (dev)
[2] mine/mill needs a reliable/available power supply; such as a power station/named example e.g. Karachi nuclear plant/connected to national grid/load shedding will slow production (dev)
[2] needs a close water supply/river/sea; to be used as a coolant (dev)
[2] good transport links/routes are required nearby; such as roads/railways for ease/speed of transporting raw materials/finished products (dev)
[2] coastal location for steel mills; to allow access to port/import of raw materials (dev)
[2] near to towns/cities/large population/densely populated areas; for abundant/skilled/unskilled labour/where workers can commute (dev)
[2] steel mill away from housing/residential area; due to noise/air pollution (dev)
[2] near to manufacturing industries/named example e.g. car assembly plants/steel girders; for sales/markets for goods/because they use the iron/steel to make their finished product (dev)
[6] Content Guide: Informal labour benefits economic development because: • informal labour plays an important role in many industries e.g. textile industry/sports goods etc. allowing export products to be manufactured • informal sector employs large numbers of people providing them income, to spend on other goods and services • allows people with little education/skills to gain income so can reduce number of homeless/extreme poverty • skills in informal work are handed down through generations so government have less need to invest in education • informal industry makes use of local raw materials/waste products from other industries, therefore reduces cost of/need for imports • tourists spend money on informally made traditional craft products contributing to GDP • informal jobs can fit work around other commitments providing extra income for people, this income can be spent in other sectors Informal labour may not benefit economic development because: • if formal instead of informal labour was used there would be less unemployment or under-employment/more taxes paid to government so more investment could take place/examples of how taxes could be used to further develop the country • informal labour is better for industries because it reduces costs in paying taxes/can pay lower wages but this negatively affects the economy overall • do not have to maintain a contract/regular hours, informal labour is only used temporarily to fill gaps to meet demand so the contribution to the economy fluctuates • it may limit international trade – non-standardised goods/poor working conditions/some areas of the informal sector use child labour • formal labour could increase international trade/meet international standards to increase value of goods/exports Examples could include named industries e.g. brick kiln/surgical instruments, craft products e.g. embroidery/shoes etc.