Study Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 (Insert), photographs showing four different crops grown in Pakistan.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] Fig. 3.1 = rice
2. [1] Fig. 3.2 = sugar cane
3. [1] Fig. 3.3 = cotton
4. [1] Fig. 3.4 = wheat/barley
5. [1] leaves are long/straight/narrow/spiky/pointed
6. [1] small seeds/grains
7. [1] stalks/grains/seeds are drooping/hanging/bending
8. [1] grains are clustered together/growing along stalks
9. [1] grains are covered by chaff/husks
10. [1] leaves are (bright) green/yellow/seeds/grains are green/yellow/cream/white/chaff is cream/white (colour max 1 mark)
11. [1] uneven/scattered/widespread distribution
12. [1] in all provinces on the map/on Fig 3.5/ all named provinces
13. [1] along international boundaries/border
14. [1] along named province boundaries/border: Balochistan & Sindh/ Balochistan & Punjab/Punjab & Sindh
15. [1] Balochistan has the largest main area/Sindh has the smallest main area
16. [1] central/mid/N/NE Balochistan
17. [1] SE(tip) of Sindh/small area in N/NE Sindh
18. [1] W/NW/SW of Punjab
19. [1] found between 25–31°N, 61–71°E in Balochistan
20. [1] found between 24–28°N, 69–71°E in Sindh
21. [1] found between 29–31°N, 69–73°E in Punjab
22. [2] provide a wide range of useful products; such as named example (milk/cheese/wool/meat/skin etc.) (dev)
23. [2] are profitable/low cost to rear/source of income/reared for commercial purposes; the wool is used in manufacture of textiles/there is a high demand for meat in the domestic/export markets (dev)
24. [2] the meat is in high demand for religious/cultural celebrations; they are sacrificed in large numbers at festivals such as Eid-al-Adha/their meat is prized above other meats for special/celebration meals (dev)
25. [2] are relatively low cost to keep/subsistence farmers rear sheep; meat/milk used to feed their families/use the wool to make clothes (dev)
26. [2] can be nomadic/are often reared by nomadic people; they are relatively fast to herd/can move over the terrain easily (dev)
27. [2] can survive in mountainous areas/on slopes/uneven/rough/marginal land; because they are sure footed/they can be reared on land not wanted for other more profitable uses/named land use examples (dev)
28. [2] are adaptable/can survive in many climate conditions; can grow thicker coats for survival in cold areas/do not require much water in hot climates/do not require a lot of care from farmers (dev)
29. [2] can graze on many types of vegetation/grass/shrubs; can roam over wide areas to find grazing (dev)
30. [1] Farming that produces crops for sale/to make money/to be sold for profit/for commercial purposes.
31. [1] inputs: money/capital/labour/tools/machinery/named example of tool or machinery/seeds/fertiliser/pesticide/insecticide/ land/soil/climate/water/rainfall/sunshine
32. [1] processes: ploughing/planting/sowing/transplanting/weeding/spraying / irrigation/picking/harvesting/winnowing/threshing
33. [1] outputs: crops/named example crops/by-products/profit
34. [1] (By increased use of/access to:) GM/high-yielding varieties(HYVs)/drought resistant seeds
35. [1] manure/(chemical) fertilisers/pesticides/insecticides
36. [1] modern irrigation systems or named examples e.g. sprinkler
37. [1] reducing water pollution/water conservation
38. [1] crop rotation/multi-cropping
39. [1] machinery/mechanisation
40. [1] (farmer) education/training/increased literacy rates
41. [1] subsidies/loans
42. [1] lowering prices/seed banks
43. [1] land consolidation/reform/reclamation/larger area/fields
44. [1] treating/preventing waterlogging/salinity
45. [1] tree planting for shade/to prevent soil erosion
46. [6] Content Guide: Opportunities for developing agriculture sustainably include: • rich fertile soil along e.g. Indus plain produces high output/reduces need for fertilisers as sediments are deposited naturally • the use of fertilisers natural and chemical would increase output/reduce the need for imported food/could export more crops/increase balance of trade • land reforms would improve output by consolidating holdings and protecting the rights of tenants/breaking the monopoly of landlords/thus increasing the land available for farming/increasing production • use of machinery should increase which means that farming can be intensified/more produced on same amount of land • Pakistan has the potential to improve output further through education/ training/skills to enable farmers to use new technology/machinery/ techniques/irrigation methods Challenges of developing agriculture sustainably include: • majority of quality, useable farmland is already in production • increasing population is increasing demand for land for other uses such as urbanisation/transport/industry • crops are threatened by pests and diseases, whole crops can be wiped out making farming unsustainable • farmers may not be able to afford pesticides/insecticides, they are harmful to the environment • farmers may not be able to afford HYV seeds, so may not produce enough crops to sell/can only produce enough for themselves • many farmers have small holdings/subsistence farmers which means that only small amounts of food are produced/does not help the future economic development of the country • some farmers continue to use traditional methods which does not improve the quality or quantity of crops produced, education/training for farmers but some resistant to using modern techniques Examples: could include named regions/crops/irrigation equipment/named machinery/types of seed e.g. IR8/land reform policies etc.