Developments in Italy were often resisted by Austria.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] (a) e.g. 'France and Piedmont would ally against Austria.'
2. '(a) The aim was to remove Austrian influence from Italy.'
3. '(a) They agreed on the Second Italian War of Independence.'
4. '(a) Two areas of influence dominated by Piedmont and France.'
5. '(a) Piedmont would control the Kingdom of Upper Italy.'
6. '(a) The Pope would continue to rule Rome.'
7. '(a) A Kingdom of Central Italy would be under French influence.'
8. '(a) The Kingdom of Two Sicilies would stay under the control of Ferdinand II.'
9. '(a) The four parts of Italy would form a confederation.'
10. '(a) The confederation would be under the presidency of the Pope.'
11. [4-5] (b) Austria controlled Lombardy and Venetia. If it lost these to the Italians, then an important part of its Empire would have been lost. This would have seriously weakened Austria and put the survival of the rest of the Empire in doubt. Defeat in Italy would have encouraged revolutionaries and nationalists in other parts of the Empire.
12. [2-3] (b) e.g. 'Austria controlled Lombardy and Venetia.'
13. '(b) Lombardy and Venetia were very important to Austria economically. They paid a third of the Empire's tax revenue.'
14. '(b) Losing its possessions in Italy would have been a terrible blow to Austria's morale.'
15. '(b) Losing in Italy would have encouraged the Hungarians who were rebelling against Austrian rule.'
16. [4-6] (c) 'Victor Emmanuel was very important. He was King of Piedmont, the most powerful state in Italy and the only one that could lead Italian unification. He also made some decisive moves. He supported Garibaldi's expedition to the mainland after the conquest of Sicily. This led to the fall of Naples. He then became the first King of Italy and took control of much of the south of Italy. The fact that he was ready to work with Garibaldi made him a very important figure.'
17. OR
18. '(c) I think Garibaldi was far more important. He did the fighting and was responsible for winning over Sicily. He then completed the conquest of the south of Italy and handed it all over to Victor Emmanuel. None of this would have happened without Garibaldi. He was an inspirational figure and converted many people to the idea of unification. He was also important because, although he started as a republican, he realised that Italy needed a king such as Victor Emmanuel and supported him for the good of Italian unification rather than his own power. Victor Emmanuel could never have achieved unification without Garibaldi.'
19. [2-3] (c) e.g. 'He was king of the powerful state of Piedmont.'
20. '(c) He won the support of France by sending troops to fight in the Crimean War.'
21. '(c) He liberated Lombardy from Austrian rule.'
22. '(c) He supported Garibaldi in his expedition to Sicily and Naples.'
23. '(c) Garibaldi was ready to hand over southern Italy to him.'
24. '(c) He became the first King of Italy in 1861.'
25. '(c) He sent troops to conquer the Papal States in 1870.'
26. '(c) It was Garibaldi who conquered Sicily and the south of Italy.'
27. '(c) It was Cavour's diplomacy that won the support of France.'
28. '(c) Cavour carefully planned the unification of Italy, not Victor Emmanuel.'
29. '(c) It was Mazzini who kept the idea of Italian unification alive and inspired people.'