Early attempts to unify Italy met with failure.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] 'Italy would be independent.'
2. [1-4] 'Foreign powers would be removed from Italian land.'
3. [1-4] 'It would be unified instead of several separate states.'
4. [1-4] 'Italy would be a republican state.'
5. [1-4] 'It would be a true democracy.'
6. [1-4] 'Mazzini argued that Italy should be part of a United States of Europe.'
7. [2-3] 'Cavour needed the help of French forces.'
8. [2-3] 'Cavour knew that Napoleon was sympathetic to the cause of Italian liberation.'
9. [2-3] 'Cavour needed Napoleon's help to drive out Austria.'
10. [2-3] 'An alliance was formed between France and Piedmont.'
11. [2-3] 'Cavour wanted control of Lombardy.'
12. [4-5] 'Cavour made an agreement with Napoleon III because he wanted to remove Austrian influence from Italy and realised that this could be achieved if he allied with France. In return for France's help in driving out Austria, Piedmont agreed to cede Savoy and the county of Nice to France and outlaw the Mazzinian movement. Meanwhile it was agreed that Piedmont would gain control of Lombardy and the rulers of Modena and Tuscany, who had been deposed by Austria, would be reinstated.'
13. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons (e.g., to remove Austrian influence and gain territory).
14. [2-3] 'Charles Albert was defeated by the Austrians.'
15. [2-3] 'He delayed his decision to fight and this gave the Austrians time to reorganise their forces.'
16. [2-3] 'The Piedmontese Army moved too slowly.'
17. [2-3] 'The Pope was also to blame as he withdrew support for the war.'
18. [2-3] 'The Pope was unhappy that Italian nationalists were fighting against a fellow Catholic state.'
19. [2-3] 'When the Pope changed his mind, he took support away from Charles Albert.'
20. [4-6] 'Charles Albert was responsible because he was defeated by the Austrians. He delayed his decision to act because he was waiting for the results of the Lombard plebiscite. This gave the Austrians time to re-organise their forces. The slow movement of the Piedmontese Army gave the Austrian forces an opportunity to get reinforcements.'
21. [4-6] 'However, the Pope was also instrumental in the failure of the revolution as he withdrew his support in his Allocution. He felt uncomfortable fighting against a mainly Catholic nation even though he initially wanted to support a joining up of some of the Italian states.'
22. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides (A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.)
23. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far' (As Level 4 plus evaluation.)