The ending of white minority rule was a difficult process.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2023). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. [1] South Africa was on the brink of civil war.
3. [1] The National Party was losing support and had less than 50% of the vote in the 1989 election.
4. [1] The South African economy was in trouble.
5. [1] The security forces were out of control and took the law into their own hands.
6. [1] South Africa had few foreign allies.
7. [1] There was increasing violence in the townships.
8. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
9. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
10. [4] Buthelezi was a possible threat because he was a Zulu nationalist and hoped to make KwaZulu an independent state. This went against Mandela's ambitions for a unified South Africa. Friction between Inkatha and the ANC sometimes escalated into violence that threatened to destroy the fragile relationship between Mandela and de Klerk. Mandela eventually persuaded Buthelezi to participate in the elections.
11. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
12. [1] Buthelezi left the ANC and became Chief Minister of the Zulu homeland.
13. [1] He was criticised as being a collaborator of the National Government.
14. [1] Mandela wanted a unified South Africa.
15. [1] After 1990 Buthelezi represented the Inkatha Freedom Party.
16. [1] He supported the idea of a federal republic to protect the ethnic rights of the Zulus.
17. [1] Some thought he was trying to protect his own personal political position.
18. [1] He refused to take part in the negotiations leading up to the 1994 elections.
19. [1] This caused violence between the ANC and IFP supporters.
20. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
21. [1] Buthelezi and Mandela did not agree about the direction South Africa should take.
22. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how important'
23. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
24. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks
25. [4] In some ways the changes made to the apartheid system were important. He introduced trade union reform which recognised black trade unions by law and gave them the right to strike. He also changed the constitution and gave some seats to 'coloured' and Asian South Africans. He also removed some of the restrictions of 'petty' apartheid such as segregation in hotels and on public transport.
26. [4] In some ways the changes made to the apartheid system were important, but maybe not in the way Botha intended. For example, his reform of the trade unions backfired. The new unions became increasingly militant and South Africa lost more working days to strikes than ever before. The new constitution did not have the intended effect. Instead of winning over support it met with large-scale opposition which led to the formation of the UDF. The key changes non-white people wanted to see were the abolition of apartheid and one person one vote. By altering the system slightly Botha only succeeded in making people more angry.
27. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
28. [1] Botha changed the constitution.
29. [1] Trade union laws were changed so black workers could form trade unions legally.
30. [1] Botha failed to introduce education reforms.
31. [1] The unions became more militant.
32. [1] Some aspects of petty apartheid were addressed but these changes did not impress many people.
33. [1] The Pass Laws were reformed.
34. [1] The Group Areas Act was repealed.
35. [1] Black Africans were not given the vote.
36. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
37. [1] Botha made some reforms.