The policy of apartheid was firmly entrenched by the 1970s.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2022). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] (a) The UN led international criticism of apartheid.
2. [1] (a) The General Assembly passed annual resolutions condemning apartheid.
3. [1] (a) The General Assembly set up a Special Committee on Apartheid.
4. [1] (a) The UN Unit on Apartheid produced publications on racism in South Africa.
5. [1] (a) In 1973, the General Assembly declared apartheid to be 'a crime against humanity'.
6. [1] (b) Some countries were surrounded by South African territory.
7. [1] (b) South Africa had the strongest military forces in the region.
8. [1] (b) Lesotho was completely surrounded by South African territory and relied on South Africa for work.
9. [1] (b) Zambia relied on food imports from South Africa.
10. [1] (b) Countries were afraid to oppose South Africa as they were not strong enough to withstand attack.
11. [5] (b) Some countries would have liked to take action but were too afraid of the consequences as South Africa had the strongest military forces in the region. For instance, Botswana and Swaziland were partly surrounded by South African territory and would not have been able to withstand an attack by South African forces.
12. [1] (c) South Africa had a huge unequal distribution of wealth and income.
13. [1] (c) The main beneficiaries of the booming economy were white South Africans.
14. [1] (c) The Afrikaner farmers received massive state support.
15. [1] (c) Black wages rose in the 1970s.
16. [1] (c) A quarter of black working people were unemployed in the 1970s.
17. [5] (c) The white population benefited from the booming economy, enjoying a rising standard of living, high standards of health care and increasing life expectancy. White farmers used subsidies to mechanise their farms and increase output.
18. [5] (c) Although wages did rise for black workers during the 1970s, the workers were still paid a fraction of what a white worker earned for doing the same job. Unemployment amongst black workers was high, resulting in poverty, malnutrition and early death.
19. [10] (c) Explanation of both sides (Level 4, 7-9 marks) with evaluation of 'how far' (Level 5, 10 marks).