Segregation became established in the period up to 1948.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2021). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] e.g. 'It was a government commission set up in 1947.’
2. [1-4] 'It was set up to evaluate the system of segregation.'
3. [1-4] 'It advocated an extension of segregation.'
4. [1-4] 'It advocated apartheid in all areas of social and economic activity.'
5. [1-4] 'It was popular with Afrikaners.'
6. [1-4] 'It became an important part of National Party policy.'
7. [1-4] 'This helped the National Party to win the 1948 election.'
8. [2-3] 'Mining was given government support.'
9. [2-3] 'Mine owners employed black South Africans as cheap labour.'
10. [2-3] 'A pass system was introduced so the miners could not leave the compounds where they lived.'
11. [2-3] 'The contracts for the miners were long – up to nine months.'
12. [2-3] 'The Second World War meant there was a global demand for gold.'
13. [4-5] e.g. 'Gold mining flourished because the government gave the mine owners their support. They passed laws which meant the black farmers living in mining regions such as the Transvaal had to pay a tax. As most did not use money they had to find supplementary income to pay the tax. This meant they often went to work in the mines. This ensured a supply of labour for the mines.'
14. [2-3] 'The Natives Land Act prevented black people from owning land.'
15. [2-3] 'The 1913 Natives Land Act prevented black people from practising sharecropping.'
16. [2-3] 'The Act forced black people to seek work on white-owned farms.'
17. [2-3] ‘The 1913 Act led to the eviction of black sharecroppers.'
18. [2-3] 'The Native Urban Areas Act meant black people had to live in extremely poor housing.'
19. [2-3] 'Clean water and sanitation were in short supply.'
20. [2-3] 'Disease spread easily.'
21. [4-6] e.g. 'The Natives Land Act had a more serious impact because it prevented black people from owning or renting land and they were forced to live in reservations which were overcrowded. Sharecropping was banned. In the short term, this was significant because many black sharecroppers were evicted, causing them harsh suffering. In the long term, the Act simply turned black people into labourers for white farmers. It was no longer possible to earn a living from farming.'
22. [4-6] OR e.g. 'The Native Urban Areas Act meant that housing became segregated. Black South Africans were only allowed to live in black townships, away from white people. Their houses were often constructed of mud bricks and corrugated iron. There were no metalled roads, and the water supplies and sanitation were poor. This meant disease spread easily.'