The late nineteenth century saw a surge in European imperialism.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. Spheres of influence for European powers were agreed.
3. The Niger and Congo rivers were opened for free trade.
4. It was agreed to end slavery.
5. Free trade between colonies was allowed through the Congo basin.
6. The Congo territories were recognised as the private property of Leopold I.
7. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
8. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
9. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
10. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
11. e.g. 'The policy worked well because it allowed the local rulers to continue to hold power. This meant they were less likely to oppose British control. The British ruled using the indigenous chiefs who were encouraged to rule as they had always done, administering justice. The Foreign Office only recommended interference if a chief abused his powers and then he could be removed and replaced.'
12. e.g. 'Day to day government was left to the traditional rulers.'
13. 'These rulers gained stability and were given protection by Britain.'
14. 'The rulers often had a small number of British advisors.'
15. 'Britain took control of external affairs, often taxation and communications.'
16. 'It was cheaper and easier than direct rule.'
17. 'It did not annoy the 'locals' as much as direct rule.'
18. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
19. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
20. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5-6 marks
21. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
22. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
23. e.g. 'There were economic reasons for Britain to expand its influence in Africa. Africa could provide raw materials and food products unobtainable in Britain, such as bananas and cocoa. Africa could also provide markets for British manufactured goods, free of import tariff restrictions.'
24. OR e.g. 'Some countries were motivated by a desire to bring 'civilisation' to other peoples. Missionaries drew attention to the opportunities presented by hitherto unexplored territories. They wanted to stamp out things such as sacrifices and 'heathen rites'. They genuinely believed they knew what was best and 'right' for other people. Many believed that Western countries had a moral responsibility to bring civilisation and Christianity to the native peoples.'
25. e.g. 'There were great opportunities for trade.'
26. 'Raw materials and different food products would be available.'
27. 'There was a market for manufactured goods from Europe.'
28. 'Some Europeans believed it was their Christian duty to convert people. Missionaries showed them this was possible.'
29. 'European states wanted empires to increase their status and prestige.'