There were many forces at work in the unification of Italy.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (Oct/Nov 2020). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1-4] Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
2. It wanted to unite Italy.
3. It wanted to encourage exiled Italians to promote the idea of unification.
4. It hoped to achieve its aim by risings in the Italian states.
5. It wanted to remove Austrian control of Italian states.
6. It wanted Italy to be democratic and not run by a monarchy.
7. [6] Level 4 Explains TWO reasons
8. [4-5] Level 3 Explains ONE reason
9. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
10. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
11. e.g. 'Piedmont gained status because of its involvement in the Crimean War. Piedmont's troops fought well, and this meant that Cavour was asked to attend the peace conference in Paris, in 1856. At the conference Piedmont was treated as the equal of the other delegates, including Austria.'
12. e.g. 'Piedmont sent troops to aid Britain and France in the Crimean War.'
13. 'The troops fought well, and this meant that Cavour was able to attend the peace conference in Paris, in 1856.'
14. 'At the conference Piedmont attended as the equal of the other delegates, including Austria.'
15. e.g. 'Piedmont gained influence.'
16. [10] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of 'how far'
17. [7-9] Level 4 Explanation of both sides
18. [4-6] Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5-6 marks
19. [2-3] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
20. [1] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
21. e.g. 'Most nationalists looked upon Pius as a possible leader of a new Italy. He had influence over Italian Catholics and had sizeable military forces. He had been known as the reforming Pope and therefore ideal for new Italian state. However, when he issued his Allocution all this changed. First, he favoured the Risorgimento and then he appeared to be against it with the Allocution. Nationalists were shocked because Pius went from one extreme to another. Some troops refused to fight with Charles Albert because of his change of mind.'
22. OR e.g. 'There were other barriers to unification which were more significant. For instance, Austria defeated Charles Albert's forces in 1848-49 and so could be considered more important than the Pope. Not all the troops had deserted Charles Albert because of the Allocution.'
23. e.g. 'Pius IX was the reforming Pope.'
24. 'He was considered as a leader of a new Italy.'
25. 'He had considerable military forces.'
26. 'Most Catholics would obey his instructions.'
27. 'Pius would not fight another Catholic power.'
28. 'He saw Charles Albert as the aggressor.'