Imperialism raised important issues both for the United States and for Britain.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2025). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

1. [1] The USA demanded that Spain withdraw from Cuba.
2. [1] The USA began a blockade of Cuba.
3. [1] US troops invaded Cuba against the Spanish.
4. [1] The US helped the Cubans rebel against Spain.
5. [1] The US quickly defeated the Spanish.
6. [1] The Treaty of Paris was signed and granted the US control of Cuba.
7. [6] Level 4: Explains two reasons.
8. [4-5] Level 3: Explains one reason.
9. [5] When the US was at war with Spain Roosevelt resigned from the government and formed the US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. He led his men in battle and had some successes such as the charge up Kettle Hill. He became very popular with the American public and his exploits helped make US policy in Cuba popular.
10. [2-3] Level 2: Identifies or describes valid reason(s); addresses the question but does not explain.
11. [1] He was appointed as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897.
12. [1] He had a lot of influence over naval policy.
13. [1] He supported building up the strength of the US navy.
14. [1] He supported forcing Spain out of Cuba.
15. [1] He advocated for war after the sinking of the USS Maine.
16. [1] He formed the Rough Riders and led them in action in Cuba.
17. [1] Level 1: Writes about the topic but does not address the question.
18. [1] He was very important because he had a lot of influence and could decide what the policy was.
19. [10] Level 5: Explains both sides and supports a valid judgement on 'how far'.
20. [10] It can be argued that although there were lots of changes brought about by consulting Indians more and being more sensitive to Indian customs, it was not a turning point because Indians were still being ruled by outsiders - the British. So, the most fundamental aspect of life in India did not change.
21. [7-9] Level 4: Explains both sides.
22. [4-6] Level 3: Explains one side.
23. [6] The rebellion was a turning point for British rule because rule by the East India Company was abolished and, in the Government of India Act, replaced by rule by the British government. A new government department was set up to decide policies and these were carried out by a Viceroy of India. So decisions were now made in Britain.
24. [6] OR It was not really a turning point. The British were still in control, just in a different way. Indians were not able to rule themselves. The bureaucracy set up by the East India Company remained and operated in a similar way. Indians were still second-class citizens.
25. [2-3] Level 2: Identifies or describes valid points; addresses the question but does not explain.
26. [1] Yes, India was governed by the British government.
27. [1] Yes, there were big reforms in the Indian army.
28. [1] Yes, Indians were now consulted in a new council.
29. [1] Social reforms that upset Hindu society were stopped.
30. [1] More was done to integrate higher castes into the government.
31. [1] Indians were allowed into the civil service.
32. [1] Yes, the failure of the rebellion meant that western influence would now increase.
33. [1] Yes, it led to an Indian middle class and a greater sense of Indian nationalism.
34. [1] No, the way the British governed was not much different from the East India Company.
35. [1] No, the building of roads and railways continued.
36. [1] No, the Indians were still ruled by the British.
37. [1] No, educational policies continued.
38. [1] Level 1: Writes about the topic but does not address the question.
39. [1] It was a turning point because everything in India was different after the rebellion.