O-LevelGeographyEconomic development2217/12 · May/June 2012 · Q525 Marks

(a) Study Fig. 6, which shows information about employment in manufacturing industry in selected countries in Europe and Asia in 1991 and 2010. [Figure 6]

(a)(i)What was the percentage of the total workforce employed in manufacturing industry in the UK in 1991? ..........................................%[1]
(a)(ii)Using Fig. 6, identify: A the country with the highest percentage of the workforce employed in manufacturing industry in 1991; B the country where the percentage of the workforce employed in manufacturing industry changed by the smallest amount between 1991 and 2010.[2]
(a)(iii)Compare the changes which have taken place in employment in manufacturing industry between 1991 and 2010 in Europe and Asia. Suggest reasons for these changes.[3]
(b)Study Figs 7A, 7B and 7C, which show information about Nigeria. [Figure 7A], [Figure 7B], [Figure 7C]
(b)(i)Use Fig. 7A to describe the distribution of industrial zones in Nigeria.[3]
(b)(ii)Using Figs 7B and 7C only, suggest reasons for the distribution of the industrial zones in Nigeria which are shown in Fig. 7A.[4]
(b)(iii)Describe the advantages and disadvantages for people of living in industrial zones.[5]
(c)For a named area where manufacturing industry is important, describe its impacts on the natural environment. Name of area ..........................................[7]

This question uses a diagram from the original paper, which isn't shown here. Open the full paper from the past papers archive to see it.

Mark scheme

Marking points from the official mark scheme (May/June 2012). The mark or mark type is shown in brackets.

[1] (a) (i) 26
[1] (a) (ii) A Poland
[1] B Singapore
[3] (a) (iii) Ideas such as: in Europe reduction in percentage of manufacturing but in Asia increase in percentage of manufacturing (1 mark reserve); industrial growth/investment taking place/multi-National locating in Asia; cheap labour in Asia/LEDCs; labour intensive factories in Asia/LEDCs; mechanisation/technology in Europe/MEDCs; easier/cheaper for Europe/MEDCs to import manufactured goods; expansion of service employment in Europe/MEDCs; industrial decline in Europe.
[3] (b) (i) Ideas such as: unevenly distributed/clustered; more/3 areas on coast/edge/border; more/3 areas in south; 1 area in north/centre/away from coast; close to railways etc.
[4] (b) (ii) Ideas such as: proximity to roads for transport of raw materials; proximity to roads for transport of finished products; close to densely populated areas/cities for markets; in cities where there is a large labour force; close to coast/ports for export/import of products etc.
[5] (b) (iii) Advantages such as: employment/close to work/higher pay; multiplier effect; more money circulating in area; improvements to standard of living/quality of life/services or examples (e.g. afford more food/education/health care etc.) development of transport network; development of infrastructure/electricity/water supply; provision of housing by company etc. Disadvantages such as: atmospheric pollution/smoke/smell causes breathing difficulties/unpleasant conditions for people to live in; pollution of drinking water supplies; visual impact; noise; traffic congestion etc.
[7] (c) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example (e.g. manufacturing industry in Cubatao in Sao Paulo State, Brazil). Comprehensive and accurate statements describing impacts on natural environment of manufacturing industry, including some place specific reference. (e.g. fumes from industries such as a fertiliser factory/a cement works/there are about 30 major industrial facilities in the vicinity; 473 tons a day of carbon monoxide; 182 tons a day of sulphur; 148 tons of polluted dust and particles; 41 tons of nitrogen oxide; causes air pollution killing species of insects, pollutes rivers therefore reducing biodiversity, gives off carbon dioxide therefore causing global warming; etc.)